{"id":5053,"date":"2026-07-26T00:10:50","date_gmt":"2026-07-25T22:10:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=5053"},"modified":"2026-07-05T21:56:13","modified_gmt":"2026-07-05T19:56:13","slug":"kdo-zpusobil-masove-vymirani-na-zemi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2026\/07\/26\/kdo-zpusobil-masove-vymirani-na-zemi\/","title":{"rendered":"Kdo zp\u016fsobil masov\u00e9 vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed na Zemi?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustava nese stopy vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f.<\/strong>
\nPozemsk\u00fd \u017eivot za\u017e\u00edval pravideln\u00e1 vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed. P\u011btkr\u00e1t, obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b v masivn\u00edm m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku. N\u011bco se d\u011blo v posledn\u00edch 500 milionech let, po \u010dem\u017e Zem\u011b s pozoruhodnou pravidelnost\u00ed \u2013 zhruba jednou za 100 milion\u016f let \u2013 vyhladila sv\u016fj vlastn\u00ed \u017eivot. P\u0159\u00ed\u010diny t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech masov\u00fdch vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed z\u00e1hadou.<\/p>\n

Ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 studie, nez\u00e1visle proveden\u00e9 dv\u011bma skupinami v\u011bdc\u016f, nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee za glob\u00e1ln\u00ed katastrofy na Zemi m\u016f\u017ee vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed z\u00e1sah. Ne mimozem\u0161\u0165an\u00e9, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, ale \u201emimozemsk\u00e1 t\u011blesa\u201c \u2013 jak z na\u0161\u00ed Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy, tak z jin\u00fdch hv\u011bzdn\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

O co \u0161lo?<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00ed\u010dina pouze posledn\u00edho masov\u00e9ho vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed, tzv. k\u0159\u00eddovo-paleog\u00e9nn\u00edho vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed, k n\u011bmu\u017e do\u0161lo p\u0159ed 66 miliony let a kter\u00e9 vedlo k vyhynut\u00ed dinosaur\u016f, je v\u00edcem\u00e9n\u011b jasn\u00e1. Jen m\u00e1lokdo pochybuje o tom, \u017ee ho spustil dopad 10 a\u017e 15 kilometr\u016f \u0161irok\u00e9ho asteroidu, kter\u00fd zas\u00e1hl \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00edho Mexick\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu. Dodnes tam z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 gigantick\u00fd kr\u00e1ter Chicxulub o pr\u016fm\u011bru 200 kilometr\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pokud jde o dal\u0161\u00ed vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b toho nejkatastrof\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, permsk\u00e9ho vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed, k n\u011bmu\u017e do\u0161lo p\u0159ed 252 miliony let a vyhladilo 80 a\u017e 95 procent \u017eivota, jedin\u00fdmi zn\u00e1m\u00fdmi metodami jsou zp\u016fsoby, kter\u00fdmi Zem\u011b zab\u00edjela sv\u00e9 obyvatele: extr\u00e9mn\u00ed chlad, zaledn\u011bn\u00ed, vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed kysl\u00edku, nadbytek oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho, sirn\u00fdch plyn\u016f, okyselov\u00e1n\u00ed oce\u00e1n\u016f a masivn\u00ed sope\u010dn\u00e9 erupce doprov\u00e1zen\u00e9 zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00edmi \u2013 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 po cel\u00e9 planet\u011b. Jedna jednoduch\u00e1 okolnost n\u00e1m br\u00e1n\u00ed v tom, abychom v\u0161echny tyto katastrofy spojili s dopady ob\u0159\u00edch asteroid\u016f: neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e9 kr\u00e1tery odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed velikosti, kter\u00e9 by se shodovaly s masov\u00fdm vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00edm. Nebyly prost\u011b nalezeny \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 kr\u00e1tery.
\nNeignorujte to.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ot\u00e1zka: pro\u010d se tedy Zem\u011b n\u00e1hle stala tak \u201eneklidnou\u201c? Co zp\u016fsobilo tento proces?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Podle Daniela Fargiona, teoretick\u00e9ho fyzika z \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 univerzity, by glob\u00e1ln\u00ed katastrofy m\u011bly b\u00fdt p\u0159i\u010d\u00edt\u00e1ny nezvan\u00fdm host\u016fm z vesm\u00edru. Ne v\u0161ak asteroid\u016fm. Nebyly to asteroidy, kter\u00e9 naru\u0161ily rovnov\u00e1hu Zem\u011b, ale mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed objekty s pr\u016fm\u011brem stovek, ba i tis\u00edc\u016f kilometr\u016f. Ty se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed mal\u00e9 planety. Mal\u00e9 planety se hojn\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed na okraj\u00edch Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy. Ob\u00edhaj\u00ed po velmi prot\u00e1hl\u00fdch drah\u00e1ch, v r\u016fzn\u00fdch rovin\u00e1ch, a nach\u00e1zej\u00ed se za Plutem \u2013 b\u00fdvalou dev\u00e1tou planetou, nyn\u00ed klasifikovanou jako mal\u00e1 planeta. \u0158\u00edk\u00e1 se, \u017ee nen\u00ed dostate\u010dn\u011b velk\u00e1 na to, aby byla pova\u017eov\u00e1na za plnohodnotnou planetu. A je tak\u00e9 daleko.<\/p>\n

Fargion poukazuje na zjevnou anom\u00e1lii ve Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b: osy skute\u010dn\u00fdch \u201emal\u00fdch planet\u201c jsou podivn\u011b naklon\u011bny v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u00fahlech. V jejich uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d. Zemsk\u00e1 osa je naklon\u011bna o 23,5 stup\u0148\u016f od svisl\u00e9 osy, Mar\u0165ansk\u00e1 o 25 stup\u0148\u016f a Uran doslova \u201ele\u017e\u00ed na boku\u201c. Venu\u0161e se ot\u00e1\u010d\u00ed zcela opa\u010dn\u00fdm sm\u011brem\u2026<\/p>\n

Podle v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f autora studie byl axi\u00e1ln\u00ed zmatek zp\u016fsoben planetkami. Gravita\u010dn\u00ed poruchy je ob\u010das vytla\u010dily z jejich ob\u011b\u017en\u00fdch drah a zatla\u010dily do vnit\u0159n\u00ed Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy. N\u011bco podobn\u00e9ho se z\u0159ejm\u011b stalo s Gaiou, p\u0159edch\u016fdkyn\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed planety, p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika miliardami let. Planeta Theia se s n\u00ed srazila, co\u017e vedlo ke vzniku Zem\u011b, jak ji zn\u00e1me, a M\u011bs\u00edce.<\/p>\n

P\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 je, \u017ee neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 stopy po monstr\u00f3zn\u00edch sr\u00e1\u017ek\u00e1ch mezi Zem\u00ed a planetkami \u2013 n\u00e1razech, kter\u00e9 by mohly zp\u016fsobit masov\u00e9 vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed. Ukazuje se, \u017ee planetky se nemusely srazit se Zem\u00ed, aby zp\u016fsobily katastrofy geologick\u00e9ho rozsahu na Zemi \u2013 masivn\u00ed erupce z ob\u0159\u00edch trhlin zvan\u00fdch pasti, zem\u011bt\u0159esen\u00ed, kilometrov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edlivov\u00e9 vlny a dal\u0161\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 v\u011bci. Prost\u011b musely prolet\u011bt bl\u00edzko.<\/p>\n

Podle v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f fyzik\u016f byly odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed gravita\u010dn\u00ed interakce doprov\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed dvou masivn\u00edch t\u011bles dostate\u010dn\u00e9 k vyvol\u00e1n\u00ed \u201eprovokac\u00ed\u201c r\u016fzn\u00e9 s\u00edly. Takov\u00e9 pr\u016flety, kter\u00e9 se v pr\u016fb\u011bhu historie Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy opakovan\u011b vyskytovaly, zp\u016fsobily zkreslen\u00ed os \u201ev\u00fdznamn\u00fdch planet\u201c. V\u010detn\u011b t\u00e9 na\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Zbloudil\u00ed podez\u0159el\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159ed Fargionem zkoumali \u201enepo\u0159\u00e1dek\u201c ve Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b fyzici Garett Brown a Hanno Rein z Torontsk\u00e9 univerzity a planet\u00e1rn\u00ed v\u011bdec Renu Malhotra z Arizonsk\u00e9 univerzity. Upozornili je v\u0161ak nikoli osy planet, ale jejich ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy.<\/p>\n

Koneckonc\u016f se obecn\u011b v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee planety vznikly z materi\u00e1lu tzv. protoplanet\u00e1rn\u00edho disku \u2013 druhu stavebn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu sest\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00edho z hornin, prachu a ledu. Zbytky \u2013 \u201eodpadn\u00ed produkty\u201c a \u201enedokon\u010den\u00e9 produkty\u201c \u2013 st\u00e1le koluj\u00ed ve Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b v podob\u011b komet, asteroid\u016f a v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch objekt\u016f naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch planetky.<\/p>\n

Teoreticky by planety vznikl\u00e9 kolem Slunce m\u011bly ob\u00edhat v pom\u011brn\u011b \u00fahledn\u00fdch kruz\u00edch a le\u017eet v jedn\u00e9 rovin\u011b.<\/p>\n

Ve Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b v\u0161ak neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d. Ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy n\u011bkter\u00fdch planet jsou eliptick\u00e9. Zem\u011b se ke Slunci p\u016fl roku p\u0159ibli\u017euje,\u00a0 p\u016fl roku se od n\u011bj vzdaluje.<\/p>\n

Ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy v\u0161ech planet jsou nav\u00edc naklon\u011bny pod r\u016fzn\u00fdmi \u00fahly. Merkur m\u00e1 nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed sklon k rovin\u011b ekliptiky \u2013 rovin\u011b, ve kter\u00e9 ob\u00edh\u00e1 Zem\u011b. \u00dahel mezi jeho ob\u011b\u017enou rovinou a ob\u011b\u017enou rovinou Pluta je t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 25 stup\u0148\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d se Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustava zak\u0159ivila?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Odpov\u011b\u010f poskytl mezihv\u011bzdn\u00fd asteroid ‚Oumuamua.<\/p>\n

Objekt byl mal\u00fd \u2013 m\u011bl pr\u016fm\u011br mezi 400 a 800 metry. Jeho samotn\u00e1 hmotnost nemohla ovlivnit \u201enebeskou mechaniku\u201c na\u0161eho sv\u011bta. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b samotn\u00fd fakt n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy nebesk\u00e9ho t\u011blesa \u2013 z jin\u00e9 hv\u011bzdn\u00e9 soustavy \u2013 vyvolal mezi v\u011bdci poplach. Spekulovali, \u017ee by mohli existovat i jin\u00ed nezvan\u00ed host\u00e9, mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed naru\u0161ili p\u016fvodn\u011b harmonick\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d.<\/p>\n

Simulace uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustava ztr\u00e1c\u00ed sv\u016fj ide\u00e1ln\u00ed tvar a z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 sv\u016fj sou\u010dasn\u00fd, pok\u0159iven\u00fd tvar pot\u00e9, co do n\u00ed vstoup\u00ed mimozemsk\u00fd objekt s hmotnost\u00ed rovnou osmi Jupiter\u016fm a prolet\u00ed kolem ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy Marsu rychlost\u00ed 2,69 kilometru za sekundu.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci zat\u00edm p\u0159esn\u011b neur\u010dili, kdy ob\u0159\u00ed \u201emimozem\u0161\u0165an\u201c prolet\u011bl, ale jist\u011b mohl spustit n\u011bjak\u00fd druh masov\u00e9ho vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed na Zemi. Permsk\u00e9 vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed, mo\u017en\u00e1 nejkatastrof\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, je mo\u017en\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Z obou studi\u00ed vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z\u0159ejm\u00fd z\u00e1v\u011br, \u017ee d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji se \u201ehistorie zopakuje\u201c \u2013 n\u011bco takov\u00e9ho by n\u00e1s mohlo v dalek\u00e9 budoucnosti znovu postihnout. A Zem\u011b bude znovu trp\u011bt.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Dev\u00e1t\u00e1 planeta<\/strong><\/p>\n

Data z\u00edskan\u00e1 v roce 2016 nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee ve Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b existuje \u201eneobjeven\u00e1\u201c planeta, n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e Zem\u011b. Planeta \u010d. 9, jak se j\u00ed \u0159\u00edk\u00e1. Tento z\u00e1hadn\u00fd objekt, pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se po velmi excentrick\u00e9 ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze, je hled\u00e1n a \u00fadajn\u011b byl dokonce jednou spat\u0159en.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustava nese stopy vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1sah\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":434,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,19],"tags":[60,59],"class_list":["post-5053","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-veda","category-zahady","tag-planety","tag-vesmir"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5053","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5053"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5053\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5057,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5053\/revisions\/5057"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/434"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5053"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5053"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5053"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}