{"id":4904,"date":"2026-05-24T00:22:30","date_gmt":"2026-05-23T22:22:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4904"},"modified":"2026-05-01T23:37:17","modified_gmt":"2026-05-01T21:37:17","slug":"existovali-draci","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2026\/05\/24\/existovali-draci\/","title":{"rendered":"Existovali draci?"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u201eNikdy se nesm\u011bj \u017eiv\u00fdm drak\u016fm, hloup\u00fd Bilbo!\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 s\u00e1m protagonista p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu Hobit (1) po drsn\u00e9m st\u0159etu se Smaugem. Velk\u00fd plaz a t\u011blo pokryt\u00e9 \u0161upinami, dr\u00e1py, l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed a plivaj\u00edc\u00ed ohe\u0148, to je obraz \u0161elmy Smaug. (2)<\/strong>
\n\"\"Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, ne v\u0161ichni draci se do takov\u00e9ho popisu vejdou. \u201eVe sv\u011bt\u011b fantastick\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at je drak jedine\u010dn\u00fd. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 jin\u00e1 imagin\u00e1rn\u00ed bytost se neobjevovala v tolika mo\u017en\u00fdch zp\u016fsobech,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 zoolog Desmond Morris (3) v p\u0159edmluv\u011b knihy, v\u011bnovan\u00e9 pr\u00e1v\u011b drak\u016fm \u2013 \u201eDragons: A Natural History\u201c (1995), kterou napsal Karl Shuker. (4)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Drak je univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed. Objevuje se od Alja\u0161ky, p\u0159es Etiopii, ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b i v Indii, od Polyn\u00e9sie do Severn\u00ed Ameriky, z Japonska do Mezopot\u00e1mie, ze star\u00e9 \u010c\u00edny a\u017e k sou\u010dasn\u00fdm film\u016fm a TV seri\u00e1l\u016fm a knih\u00e1m \u017e\u00e1nru fantasy a komiks\u016fm.<\/p>\n

\u201eJsou to nejv\u00edce gigantick\u00e9 a ty nejhr\u016fzostra\u0161n\u011bj\u0161\u00ed m\u00fdtick\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u0161ery. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 tak\u00e9 nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. D\u016fvod je jednoduch\u00fd, drak je, tak \u0159\u00edkaj\u00edc, syntetick\u00fd tvor,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 paleontolog Willy Ley (4) v knize. (5)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Jednoro\u017eci a ob\u0159i se zrodili z fantaskn\u00edch v\u00fdklad\u016f fos\u00edli\u00ed a koster nosoro\u017ec\u016f a slon\u016f, ale draci nemaj\u00ed jednotn\u00fd p\u016fvod. Jsou to d\u011bti mnoha \u0161elem. Mohou m\u00edt hlavu je\u0161t\u011bra nebo hada, ale i lva nebo jin\u00e9ho dravce; m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt krokod\u00fdl\u00ed k\u016f\u017ei, \u0161upiny nebo srst…<\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed dv\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 dra\u010d\u00ed tradice, kter\u00e9 se ovlivnily navz\u00e1jem: evropsk\u00e1, s \u010dty\u0159noh\u00fdmi zl\u00fdmi draky se dv\u011bma k\u0159\u00eddly, kte\u0159\u00ed chrl\u00ed ohe\u0148 z \u00fast a \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e1, s drakem s had\u00edm t\u011blem a \u010dty\u0159ma nohama, p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z vody, jako symbol moci, s\u00edly a \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed vyobrazen\u00ed drak\u016f jsou na amuletech z jadeitu kultury Hong\u0161an, kter\u00e1 se vyvinula v \u010c\u00edn\u011b v obdob\u00ed 4700 – 2900 p\u0159. n.l. (6)<\/p>\n

Had\u00ed podoba drak\u016f se poprv\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 v prav\u011bk\u00e9m St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed. Prvn\u00ed zm\u00ednky se datuj\u00ed do starov\u011bk\u00e9ho \u0158ecka. Drak je ob\u0159\u00ed had. Str\u00e1\u017ece zn\u00e1m\u00e9 v\u011b\u0161t\u00edrny v Delf\u00e1ch, byl tak\u00e9 Python.<\/p>\n

Matt Kaplan v knize (7) a dal\u0161\u00ed odborn\u00edci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee m\u00fdtus o drac\u00edch a dal\u0161\u00edch podobn\u00fdch tvorech ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed jsou zalo\u017eeny na popisu velk\u00fdch had\u016f Plinia Star\u0161\u00edho (23-79), kter\u00fd je popisuje ve sv\u00e9 \u201eHistorii p\u0159\u00edrody\u201c. \u201eVe skute\u010dnosti, kdy\u017e klasi\u010dt\u00ed auto\u0159i mluv\u00ed o drac\u00edch, popisuj\u00ed obrovsk\u00e9 hady t\u0159\u00eddy python. Plinius tvrdil, \u017ee \u017eil v Indii a takov\u00ed hadi padali ze strom\u016f na sv\u00e9 ob\u011bti, kter\u00e9 zabily,\u201c p\u00ed\u0161e Ley.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. Fos\u00edlie drak\u016f<\/em><\/p>\n

Klasick\u00fd evropsk\u00fd drak vznikl ve st\u0159edov\u011bku, od 5. stolet\u00ed a v 13. stolet\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 schopnost l\u00e9tat a chrlit ohe\u0148 z \u00fast. I kdy\u017e jejich vzhled maj\u00ed nad\u0161enci tendenci srovn\u00e1vat s dinosaury, a zejm\u00e9na tyranosaury, pro tuto spojitost chyb\u00ed d\u016fkazy. Nen\u00ed nijak dolo\u017eena spojitost drak\u016f s n\u00e1lezem dinosau\u0159\u00edch fos\u00edli\u00ed, a\u0165 v \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9 nebo evropsk\u00e9 tradici.<\/p>\n

\u201eV Evrop\u011b je v\u00edce legend o drac\u00edch, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt spojeny s n\u00e1lezy fosiln\u00edch poz\u016fstatk\u016f \u010dtvrtohorn\u00edch savc\u016f. N\u011bco podobn\u00e9ho se d\u011bje v \u010c\u00edn\u011b, v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b s kostmi savc\u016f z kenozoika,\u201c vysv\u011btluje Jos\u00e9 Luis Sanz v knize \u201eMytologie dinosaur\u016f\u201c. (8). \u0160pan\u011blsk\u00fd paleontolog si uv\u011bdomil, \u017ee mnoho jeskyn\u00ed ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b m\u00e1 n\u00e1zev od doup\u011bte draka nebo drak\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad, v sedmn\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed dva l\u00e9ka\u0159i, N\u011bmec Petersonius Hayn a Rumun Johann Georg Vette, nalezli v jeskyn\u00edch na Morav\u011b a v Sedmihradsku kosti drak\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly o stolet\u00ed pozd\u011bji identifikov\u00e1ny jako poz\u016fstatky jeskynn\u00edch medv\u011bd\u016f.<\/p>\n

Na po\u010d\u00e1tku dvac\u00e1t\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed rakousk\u00fd paleontolog Othenio Abel zkoumal legendu draka z Klagenfurtu (9) a zjistil, \u017ee lebka \u00fadajn\u00e9ho draka poch\u00e1zela od nosoro\u017ece.<\/p>\n

Na druh\u00e9m konci sv\u011bta je to stejn\u00e9. \u201e\u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed dra\u010d\u00ed kost\u00ed n\u011bkter\u00e9 fosiln\u00ed zbytky, t\u0159eba jako dra\u010d\u00ed zuby,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Ley.<\/p>\n

Sanz v\u0161ak p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee podle n\u011bkter\u00fdch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch paleontolog\u016f by p\u016fvod n\u011bkter\u00fdch m\u00edstn\u00edch drak\u016f mohl poch\u00e1zet od n\u00e1lez\u016f kompletn\u00edch koster plesiosaur\u016f.<\/p>\n

Je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b mo\u0159sk\u00fd dinosau\u0159\u00ed plaz je z\u00e1kladem vysv\u011btlen\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho, ne m\u00e9n\u011b m\u00fdtick\u00e9ho zv\u00ed\u0159ete, Lochnesk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u0161ery.<\/p>\n

Neexistuj\u00edc\u00ed drak je tedy v na\u0161em sv\u011bt\u011b v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00fd. Pro\u010d? Mo\u017en\u00e1 proto, \u017ee k\u0159ehk\u00fd savec, bez dr\u00e1p\u016f a zub\u016f, kter\u00fd vystoupal na vrchol evoluce, soust\u0159edil ve sv\u00e9m v\u011bdom\u00ed za celou \u00e9ru sv\u00e9ho boje s p\u0159\u00edrodou v\u0161echny obavy do jedn\u00e9 bytosti. Do takov\u00e9 v\u00fdjime\u010dn\u00e9, mocn\u00e9 a d\u011bsiv\u00e9 bytosti s t\u011bmi vlastnostmi, kter\u00fdch se nejv\u00edce ob\u00e1val.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Hork\u00fd dech \u0161elmy<\/strong><\/p>\n

I kdy\u017e lze naj\u00edt r\u016fzn\u00e9 prvky, podle kter\u00fdch lze identifikovat z\u00e1klad legendy o drac\u00edch, jednu vlastnost nelze naj\u00edt u \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9ho zv\u00ed\u0159ete. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 bytost, kter\u00e1 chrl\u00ed nebo plive ohe\u0148. Odkud tedy poch\u00e1z\u00ed my\u0161lenka, \u017ee to drak d\u011bl\u00e1?<\/p>\n

Jeden z prvn\u00edch odkaz\u016f o dra\u010d\u00edm chrlen\u00ed ohn\u011b se objevil v Historia regum Britanniae, jej\u00edm\u017e autorem byl duchovn\u00ed Godofredo de Monmouth, mezi l\u00e9ty 1130 a 1136. (10) V 5. stolet\u00ed cht\u011bl v Brit\u00e1nii kr\u00e1l Vortigern vybudovat pevnost na jedn\u00e9 ho\u0159e, ale ne\u0161lo to. V\u017edy, kdy\u017e postavili st\u011bny, zem\u011b se ot\u0159\u00e1sla a stavba spadla. Kr\u00e1l po\u017e\u00e1dal o pomoc svou radu star\u0161\u00edch, a ti mu \u0159ekli, \u017ee v\u0161echno by vy\u0159e\u0161ilo prolit\u00ed krve d\u00edt\u011bte bez otce.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Monarcha sirotka na\u0161el, ale chlapec mu \u0159ekl, \u017ee jeho ob\u011btov\u00e1n\u00ed mu nebude nic platn\u00e9, proto\u017ee hlavn\u00edm d\u016fvodem probl\u00e9m\u016f p\u0159i stavb\u011b hradu jsou draci v \u00fatrob\u00e1ch hory, kte\u0159\u00ed hl\u00eddaj\u00ed zemi. Vortigern nechal mu\u017ee kopat do hloubky hory a ti na\u0161li draky d\u00fdchaj\u00edc\u00ed ohe\u0148.<\/p>\n

Matt Kaplan p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 tuto legendu a tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee ohniv\u00fd dech draka mohl m\u00edt p\u016fvod v uheln\u00fdch dolech Walesu a na dal\u0161\u00edch m\u00edstech, kde mu\u017ei s pochodn\u011bmi mohli zp\u016fsobit exploze. Proto\u017ee neznali p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinu ve v\u00fdronech plyn\u016f, mohli horn\u00edci p\u0159ipsat v\u00fdbuch smrt\u00edc\u00edmu dechu zv\u00ed\u0159ete. A tak drak za\u010dal \u017e\u00edt v podzem\u00ed a chrlil ohe\u0148…<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) Hobit aneb Cesta tam a zase zp\u00e1tky. Wikipedia. Internet: https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hobit_aneb_Cesta_tam_a_zase_zp%C3%A1tky<\/a><\/em>
\n(2) Smaug. Wikipedia. Internet: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smaug<\/a> <\/em>
\n(3) Desmond Morris. Wikipedia. Internet: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Desmond_Morris<\/a> <\/em>
\n(4) Willy Ley. Wikipedia. Internet: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Willy_Ley<\/a> <\/em>
\n(5) Ley, W: The Lungfish and the Unicorn: An Excursion into Romantic Zoology. Modern Age Books. (1941).<\/em>
\n(6) Hongshan culture. Wikipedia. Internet: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hongshan_culture<\/a> <\/em>
\n(7) Kaplan, Mitt: The science of monsters. The origins of the creatures we love to fear. (2012)<\/em>
\n(8) Jos\u00e9 Luis Sanz: Mitolog\u00eda de los dinosaurios (1999).<\/em>
\n(9) Cardenas, M.: Leyenda de lindwurm y klagenfurt. Sobre Austria, 13.5.2009. Internet: http:\/\/sobreaustria.com\/2009\/05\/13\/leyenda-de-lindwurm-y-klagenfurt\/<\/a> <\/em>
\n(10) Historia regum Britanniae. Wikipedia. Internet: https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Historia_Regum_Britanniae<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u201eNikdy se nesm\u011bj \u017eiv\u00fdm drak\u016fm, hloup\u00fd Bilbo!\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 s\u00e1m protagonista p\u0159\u00edb\u011bhu Hobit (1) po drsn\u00e9m st\u0159etu se Smaugem. Velk\u00fd plaz<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":582,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[41,35,29],"class_list":["post-4904","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-archeologie","tag-kryptozoologie","tag-zivocichove"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4904","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4904"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4904\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4913,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4904\/revisions\/4913"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/582"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4904"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4904"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4904"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}