{"id":4734,"date":"2025-10-12T00:10:46","date_gmt":"2025-10-11T22:10:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4734"},"modified":"2026-01-08T19:16:14","modified_gmt":"2026-01-08T18:16:14","slug":"kruhy-vil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2025\/10\/12\/kruhy-vil\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201eKruhy v\u00edl\u201c"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ze v\u0161ech p\u0159irozen\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din vzniku kruh\u016f na tr\u00e1v\u011b si tato pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zaslou\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny t\u011bchto z\u00e1hadn\u00fdch \u201ekruh\u016f v\u00edl\u201c na mlad\u00e9 tr\u00e1v\u011b jsou pro laika zcela nen\u00e1padn\u00e9 a z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 a v doslovn\u00e9m smyslu le\u017e\u00ed pod povrchem zem\u011b…<\/strong>
\nMimochodem, lidstvo si tohoto velmi podez\u0159el\u00e9ho jevu v\u0161imlo ji\u017e dlouho a dok\u00e1zalo ho bohat\u011b reflektovat v m\u00edstn\u00edm folkl\u00f3ru po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, kde je pravideln\u011b pozorov\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V Anglii se za star\u00fdch \u010das\u016f v\u011b\u0159ilo, \u017ee tento p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed jev (mimochodem, v Anglii se jim \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201ekruhy elf\u016f\u201c (pixie circles) nebo \u201ekruhy v\u00edl\u201c (fairies rings)) je v\u00fdsledkem no\u010dn\u00edch tanc\u016f v\u00edl, kter\u00e9 po\u0161lap\u00e1vaj\u00ed mladou tr\u00e1vu. V anglick\u00e9m hrabstv\u00ed Sussex existuje pro tento jev dokonce samostatn\u00fd term\u00edn \u2013 \u201estopy je\u017ek\u016f\u201c („hag tracks“).<\/p>\n

Podobn\u00fd p\u016fvod kruh\u016f je identifikov\u00e1n i ve skandin\u00e1vsk\u00fdch m\u00fdtech, kde se jim \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 \u201e\u00e4lvdanser\u201c (elf\u00ed tance), \u201e\u00e4lvringar\u201c (elf\u00ed kruhy) nebo \u201eH\u00e4xringar\u201c (kruhy v\u00edl).<\/p>\n

N\u011bmci ztoto\u017e\u0148ovali p\u016fvod tohoto jevu s m\u00edstem \u010darod\u011bjnick\u00e9ho sabatu (Hexenringe).<\/p>\n

V Nizozemsku byly \u201ev\u00edl\u00ed kruhy\u201c pevn\u011b zako\u0159en\u011bny v lidov\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e jako m\u00edsta, kde tan\u010dili \u010derti, a samotn\u00e9 \u00fatvary byly vn\u00edm\u00e1ny jako zjevn\u00e9 zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e9 riziko. Nap\u0159\u00edklad Nizozemci pova\u017eovali ml\u00e9ko od kr\u00e1vy, kter\u00e1 nerozumn\u011b vstoupila do takov\u00e9ho kruhu, za zka\u017een\u00e9 a vylili ho do odpadk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Vzhled kruh\u016f v\u0161ak v evropsk\u00e9 mytologii nen\u00ed v\u017edy interpretov\u00e1n tak kategoricky. Raku\u0161an\u00e9 a \u010ce\u0161i maj\u00ed sv\u00e9 vlastn\u00ed legendy a v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee sp\u00e1len\u00e9 kruhy z tr\u00e1vy jsou stopy po pop\u00e1lenin\u00e1ch zp\u016fsoben\u00e9 hrami m\u00edstn\u00edch drak\u016f chrl\u00edc\u00edmi ohe\u0148. V \u010de\u0161tin\u011b se takov\u00e9 kruhy naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u201e\u010darod\u011bjn\u00e9 kruhy\u201c.<\/p>\n

V podstat\u011b tedy ka\u017ed\u00fd ve sv\u00e9m folkl\u00f3ru spr\u00e1vn\u011b poznamenal, \u017ee \u010diny zl\u00fdch duch\u016f p\u0159\u00edmo souvisej\u00ed s v\u00fdskytem hub a prstencovit\u00e9 mycelium a houby rostouc\u00ed v n\u011bm jsou podle lidov\u00e9 v\u00edry \u010dasto tak\u00e9 pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za \u201e\u010darod\u011bjnick\u00fd kruh\u201c.<\/p>\n

Jak jste si ale asi domysleli, zl\u00ed duchov\u00e9 s t\u00edm nemaj\u00ed absolutn\u011b nic spole\u010dn\u00e9ho… Ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00ed, sez\u00f3nn\u00ed v\u00fdskyt letokruh\u016f sukulentn\u00ed tr\u00e1vy je zp\u016fsoben v\u00fdvojem houby zvan\u00e9 Mycorrhiza (Mycorrhizal fungi) v p\u016fd\u011b.<\/p>\n

Mykorhiza (\u0159ecky: \u03bc\u03cd\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2, \u201ehouba\u201c a \u03c1\u03af\u03b6\u03b1, \u201eko\u0159en\u201c) je v\u00fdsledkem symbiotick\u00e9ho vztahu mezi podzemn\u00edm myceliem a ko\u0159eny vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch rostlin. Je pozoruhodn\u00e9, \u017ee tento typ evolu\u010dn\u00ed koexistence je stejn\u011b prosp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd jak pro parazitickou houbu, tak pro samotnou rostlinu, co\u017e vysv\u011btluje pozoruhodnou symbiotickou a evolu\u010dn\u00ed odolnost Mycorrhiza.<\/p>\n

Studium devonsk\u00fdch a karbonsk\u00fdch fosili\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch rostlin odhalilo, \u017ee tato jedine\u010dn\u00e1 forma koexistence sah\u00e1 a\u017e do paleozoika (prvohory, trvaj\u00edc\u00ed 289 mili\u00f3n\u016f let, od 541 – 252 miliony let). Tato houba v\u0161ak z\u016fstala lidstvu nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 a\u017e do prvn\u00ed poloviny 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy rusk\u00fd v\u011bdec F. M. Kamenskij objevil a popsal jej\u00ed symbiotickou interakci s ko\u0159enov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem rostliny Monotropa hypopitys.<\/p>\n

Bez zbyte\u010dn\u00fdch komplikac\u00ed je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee mezi touto houbou a vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi rostlinami existuj\u00ed t\u0159i typy interakc\u00ed, ale v tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, v kontextu \u201eanom\u00e1ln\u00edch travn\u00edch letokruh\u016f\u201c, n\u00e1s zaj\u00edm\u00e1 pouze jeden z nich \u2013 endotrofn\u00ed (vnit\u0159n\u00ed) typ.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Stru\u010dn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, mykorhizn\u00ed houba se vyv\u00edj\u00ed v horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti ko\u0159enov\u00e9ho ku\u017eele rostliny, ale nepronik\u00e1 j\u00edm, \u010d\u00edm\u017e br\u00e1n\u00ed jeho zni\u010den\u00ed. Mycelium houby pronik\u00e1 pouze bu\u0148kami ko\u0159enov\u00fdch vl\u00e1sk\u016f rostliny a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed hyf\u00e1ln\u00ed spletence, stromovit\u00e9 v\u011btve nebo bublinovit\u00e9 zdu\u0159en\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V tomto ohledu je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee s mikroskopem a vzorky p\u016fdy z formace lze tyto charakteristiky v\u017edy pou\u017e\u00edt k p\u0159esn\u00e9 identifikaci tohoto typu \u201ekruhu v tr\u00e1v\u011b\u201c.<\/p>\n

Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 poznamenat, \u017ee ko\u0159enov\u00e9 bu\u0148ky rostlin, ve kter\u00fdch se houba usadila, z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed na\u017eivu a postupn\u011b tr\u00e1v\u00ed mycelium, kter\u00e9 do nich proniklo, \u010d\u00edm\u017e z\u00edsk\u00e1vaj\u00ed p\u0159ebytek dus\u00edku, kter\u00fd nen\u00ed v p\u016fd\u011b v\u017edy snadno dostupn\u00fd. Vl\u00e1kna (hyfy) mykorhizn\u00edho mycelia, kter\u00e1 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed z jeho st\u0159edu jako kapil\u00e1ry, z\u00e1sobuj\u00ed ko\u0159en rostliny miner\u00e1ly i vlhkost\u00ed, i kdy\u017e… agresivn\u011b je odeb\u00edraj\u00ed z bl\u00edzk\u00fdch rostlin, kter\u00e9 se symbi\u00f3zy ne\u00fa\u010dastn\u00ed. Za stejn\u00fdch v\u00fdvojov\u00fdch podm\u00ednek roste mycelium radi\u00e1ln\u011b, od sv\u00e9ho st\u0159edu sm\u011brem ven, rychlost\u00ed 0,1 \u2013 0,8 metru za rok a \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed se radi\u00e1ln\u011b ve v\u00fdrazn\u00e9m kruhu.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 uhodnout, \u017ee z\u00e1hadn\u00e9 prstence bujn\u00e9 tr\u00e1vy s velmi kontrastn\u00edm, uschl\u00fdm vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm obrysem jsou jasn\u00fdm v\u00fdsledkem sez\u00f3nn\u00edho v\u00fdvoje mycelia.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr.3 Jasn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edklad \u2013 s myceliem nebo bez n\u011bj.<\/em><\/p>\n

Jin\u00fdmi slovy, rostliny \u00fa\u010dastn\u00edc\u00ed se symbi\u00f3zy s houbou se d\u00edky \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed a \u017eivotn\u00ed aktivit\u011b mycelia dost\u00e1vaj\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161enou v\u00fd\u017eivu a v\u00fdvoj. Mycelium, kter\u00e9 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed od st\u0159edu, zase ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b pror\u016fst\u00e1 do p\u016fdy o 23\u201330 cm, \u010d\u00edm\u017e jedine\u010dn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem odeb\u00edr\u00e1 vl\u00e1hu a miner\u00e1ly z rostlin, co\u017e zp\u016fsobuje jejich smrt, ale… z\u00e1rove\u0148 poskytuje v\u00fd\u017eivu ko\u0159en\u016fm t\u011bch rostlin, se kter\u00fdmi je houba v symbiotick\u00e9m vztahu. Z tohoto d\u016fvodu p\u0159edn\u00ed strana mycelia v\u017edy kontrastuje se dv\u011bma p\u00e1sy \u2013 bujnou, \u00farodnou tr\u00e1vou a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm nekrotick\u00fdm prstencem zakrsl\u00e9 nebo vadnouc\u00ed vegetace, \u010dasto myln\u011b pova\u017eovanou za cestu, u\u0161lapanou zl\u00fdmi duchy.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina zpr\u00e1v o \u201ev\u00edl\u00edch kruz\u00edch\u201c se obvykle objevuje v polovin\u011b jara nebo m\u00e9n\u011b \u010dasto na za\u010d\u00e1tku podzimu. V prvn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tr\u00e1va, vy\u017eiven\u00e1 houbou, na ja\u0159e ra\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011b rychleji ne\u017e okoln\u00ed lu\u010dn\u00ed vegetace a rozv\u00edj\u00ed se bujn\u011bji. Ve druh\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, na konci l\u00e9ta, tr\u00e1va tak\u00e9 vynik\u00e1 svou bujnost\u00ed proti sluncem vyb\u011blen\u00e9 vegetaci, kter\u00e1 ji\u017e ztr\u00e1c\u00ed svou d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed s\u00edlu.<\/p>\n

Za zm\u00ednku asi stoj\u00ed zejm\u00e9na to, \u017ee prstencovit\u00e9 mycelium se nach\u00e1z\u00ed nejen v mykorhize, ale tak\u00e9 v mnoha druz\u00edch hub. P\u00fdchavky, \u0161afr\u00e1nov\u00e9 ml\u00e9ko, li\u0161ky, \u017eampiony, muchom\u016frky a lu\u010dn\u00ed medonosn\u00e9 houby se nej\u010dast\u011bji vyskytuj\u00ed v \u201ev\u00edl\u00edch kruz\u00edch\u201c.<\/p>\n

V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku jde o sezn\u00e1men\u00ed s jednou z hlavn\u00edch, p\u0159irozen\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din kruh\u016f v tr\u00e1v\u011b, kter\u00e9 jsou \u010dasto myln\u011b pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za skute\u010dn\u00e9 (autentick\u00e9) kruhy na pol\u00edch.<\/p>\n

Vlad Gusca, Laboratorium Nectona, 2018<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ze v\u0161ech p\u0159irozen\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din vzniku kruh\u016f na tr\u00e1v\u011b si tato pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b zaslou\u017e\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed pozornost, proto\u017ee p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny t\u011bchto z\u00e1hadn\u00fdch \u201ekruh\u016f v\u00edl\u201c<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2444,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,19],"tags":[97,29],"class_list":["post-4734","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-veda","category-zahady","tag-prirodni-anomalie","tag-zivocichove"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4734","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4734"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4734\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4738,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4734\/revisions\/4738"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2444"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4734"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4734"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4734"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}