{"id":4698,"date":"2025-04-19T00:02:40","date_gmt":"2025-04-18T22:02:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4698"},"modified":"2026-01-05T01:23:49","modified_gmt":"2026-01-05T00:23:49","slug":"piltdownsky-clovek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2025\/04\/19\/piltdownsky-clovek\/","title":{"rendered":"Piltdownsk\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk"},"content":{"rendered":"

Po stop\u00e1ch jednoho podvodu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201eDoln\u00ed \u010delist pot\u0159i dne\u0161n\u00edmu orangutanovi a z dne\u0161n\u00ed doby poch\u00e1z\u00ed i lebka!“ hl\u00e1sal a psal zn\u00e1m\u00fd n\u011bmeck\u00fd paleontolog Franz Weidenreich, kdy\u017e spat\u0159il a\u017e dosud nejstar\u0161\u00ed lidskou hlavu, kterou nalezl kr\u00e1tce p\u0159ed 1. sv\u011btovou v\u00e1lkou anglick\u00fd advok\u00e1t Charles Dowson u sussexsk\u00e9 vesnice Piltdown, nedaleko kan\u00e1lu La Manche.<\/p>\n

Bylo to v\u0161ak vol\u00e1n\u00ed osamocen\u00e9ho v pou\u0161ti. V\u011bdeck\u00fd sv\u011bt j\u00e1sal. Nalezl se p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00fd d\u016fkaz pro Darwinovo tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee poch\u00e1z\u00edme z opice. Britsk\u00e9 muzeum ukazovalo s nesm\u00edrnou hrdost\u00ed a p\u00fdchou 950.000 let star\u00e9ho gentlemana, nejstar\u0161\u00edho z\u00e1stupce \u010dlov\u011bka na t\u00e9to Zemi.<\/p>\n

\u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd n\u00e1lezce Charles Dowson<\/em> byl synem pr\u00e1vn\u00edka, kter\u00fd m\u011bl dob\u0159e zavedenou praxi v pob\u0159e\u017en\u00edm m\u011bste\u010dku Uckfieldu. Od sv\u00fdch \u0161koln\u00edch let se v\u011bnovat i neobvykl\u00e9mu kon\u00ed\u010dku: vykop\u00e1vk\u00e1m. Pomohl na denn\u00ed sv\u011btlo mnoha cenn\u00fdm n\u00e1lez\u016fm, kter\u00e9 umis\u0165oval v sousedn\u00edch muze\u00edch v Hastingsu a Brightonu.<\/p>\n

Prohledav\u00e1l staro\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 t\u00e1bory, dosud nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 jeskyn\u011b, odhalil nalezi\u0161t\u011b plyn\u016f a uve\u0159ejnil d\u00edlo o z\u00e1mku Hastingsu. Nen\u00ed proto divu, \u017ee si ho v\u00e1\u017eili v\u0161ichni amat\u00e9r\u0161t\u00ed archeologov\u00e9, sdru\u017een\u00ed v n\u00e1rodn\u00edm svazu, \u017ee p\u0159edn\u00e1\u0161el p\u0159ed kr\u00e1lovskou zem\u011bpisnou spole\u010dnost\u00ed v Lond\u00fdn\u011b, \u017ee se stal p\u0159\u00edtelem \u0159editele geologick\u00e9ho odd\u011blen\u00ed Britsk\u00e9ho muzea v Lond\u00fdne sira Arthura Smith-Woodwarda. Mnoho u\u010denc\u016f nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed t\u0159\u00eddy bylo odhodl\u00e1no p\u0159ijmout jej za \u010dlena v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 britsk\u00e9 v\u011bdeck\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti Royal Society.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. Podvodn\u00edk sesadil ru\u010dn\u011b d\u00edly lebky Piltdownsk\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka tak dovedn\u011b, \u017ee oklamal celou v\u011bdeckou ve\u0159ejnost.<\/em><\/p>\n

To v\u0161echno v\u0161ak bylo ni\u010d\u00edm ve srovn\u00e1m s n\u00e1lezem v \u00fanoru 1912. Tehdy Dawson p\u0159ekvapil lond\u00fdnsk\u00e9ho \u0159editele muzea jedine\u010dnou, dob\u0159e zachovalou lebkou, kter\u00e1 vykazovala rysy opi\u010d\u00ed a lidsk\u00e9 hlavy, a kterou n\u00e1lezce vykopal na rolnick\u00e9 usedlosti Barkham v Piltdownu. Odbornici ihned odhadli st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed lebky na 950.000 let. Bylo p\u0159ekon\u00e1no v\u0161echno, co se dosud nalezlo – i p\u0159ed p\u011bti lety objeven\u00e1 heidelbersk\u00e1 \u010delist.<\/p>\n

Darwinovi p\u0159\u00e1tel\u00e9 j\u00e1sali. Sir Arthur uspo\u0159\u00e1dal na po\u010dest sv\u00e9ho chr\u00e1n\u011bnce a jeho Piltdownsk\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka slavnostn\u00ed zased\u00e1n\u00ed Royal Society. Radostn\u00e1 zpr\u00e1va prob\u011bhla v\u0161emi sv\u011btov\u00fdmi novinami. Tis\u00edce n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edk\u016f zaplavilo m\u00edsto n\u00e1lezu a v okoln\u00edch p\u00eds\u010din\u00e1ch hledalo dal\u0161\u00ed stopy po pralidech. Hostinec „U jehn\u011bte“ vyv\u011bsil obrovskou tabuli s vyobrazen\u00edm divok\u00fdch opi\u010d\u00edch lid\u00ed, na jejich\u017e lebky um\u00edstil n\u00e1pisy \u201ePiltdownsk\u00fd mu\u017e“. \u010casem p\u0159evzala cel\u00e1 hospoda tento n\u00e1zev a na jehn\u011b si nikdo nevzpomn\u011bl. V\u011bdci pak pok\u0159tili drahocenn\u00fd n\u00e1lez jm\u00e9nem „Anthropus dawsoni“.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. Tak vypadal po rekonstrukci Piltdownsk\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk, kter\u00fd \u017eil na na\u0161\u00ed planet\u011b \u00fadajn\u011b p\u0159ed mili\u00f3nem let.<\/em><\/p>\n

Charles Dowson vyt\u011b\u017eil ze sv\u00e9ho n\u00e1lezu mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch senzac\u00ed! Na m\u00edst\u011b n\u00e1lezu byl postaven pomn\u00edk a okol\u00ed nalezi\u0161t\u011b bylo prohl\u00e1\u0161eno za p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed rezervaci. V\u0161ichni ji\u017e netrp\u011bliv\u011b \u010dekali, \u017ee \u0161\u0165astn\u00fd archeolog-amat\u00e9r bude vyznamen\u00e1n \u0158\u00e1dem britsk\u00e9ho imp\u00e9ria jako p\u0159edstupn\u011bm pro z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed titulu \u201esir“. Tu vypukla v\u00e1lka. Nastaly jin\u00e9 starosti.<\/p>\n

V roce 1916 Dawson zem\u0159el na n\u00e1sledky obavy krve – a je t\u0159eba dodat, \u017ee v zapomenut\u00ed. Jeho pam\u00e1tce nev\u011bnoval pozornost ani dom\u00e1c\u00ed tisk, neobjevilo se ani lok\u00e1ln\u00ed zpr\u00e1vi\u010dka v novin\u00e1ch, jejich\u017e byl Dawson dlouholet\u00fdm dopisovatelem. M\u00edsto toho za\u010daly o nebo\u017et\u00edkovi kolovat prapodivn\u00e9 \u0159e\u010di, To, co se soused\u00e9 a kolegov\u00e9 neodv\u00e1\u017eiti vyslovit za jeho \u017eivota z b\u00e1zn\u011b p\u0159ed \u010destn\u00fdmi ochrann\u00fdmi z\u00e1kony, vypr\u00e1v\u011bli nyn\u00ed s chut\u00ed a ve\u0159ejn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Nejd\u0159\u00edve bylo odhaleno tajemstv\u00ed Dawsonova domu za zdmi z\u0159\u00edcenin lewissk\u00e9ho z\u00e1mku. K \u00fadivu v\u0161ech nalezli v dom\u011b mnoho kamen\u016f a star\u00fdch kost\u00ed, ale nejv\u00edce p\u0159ekvapuj\u00edc\u00ed byl n\u00e1lez r\u016fzn\u00fdch chemick\u00fdch prost\u0159edk\u016f – nikdo nikdy nev\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee by se Dawson zab\u00fdval vedle archeologie i chemi\u00ed. Aby byla hanba dovr\u0161ena, donesl jeden historik-amat\u00e9r z lond\u00fdnsk\u00e9 knihovny Guild Hallu sto let star\u00fd svazek o d\u011bjin\u00e1ch z\u00e1mku Hastingsu. Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee Dawson jeho obsah opsal t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 doslova.<\/p>\n

Po druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce byl nedaleko nalezi\u0161t\u011b v Piltdownu poh\u0159ben i Dawson\u016fv oddan\u00fd p\u0159\u00edtel a badatel sir Arthur Smith Howard. V\u011b\u0159il na pravost n\u00e1lezu do sv\u00e9ho posledn\u00edho dechu, mnoho let sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota str\u00e1vil hled\u00e1n\u00edm dal\u0161\u00edch kost\u00ed v t\u00e9to oblasti, ale za v\u0161echna ta l\u00e9ta nalezl pouze jedin\u00fd ov\u010d\u00ed zub. Jeho n\u00e1stupce, dr. Kenneth Oakley, v\u0161ak o pravosti n\u00e1lezu siln\u011b pochyboval. V\u011b\u0159il ve spr\u00e1vnost u\u010den\u00ed francouzsk\u00e9ho mineraloga Cournota, podle n\u011bho\u017e roste ve star\u00fdch kostech obsah fluoru. Sta\u010dilo tedy zjistit, zda muzejn\u00ed senzace obsahuje dostate\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed t\u00e9to l\u00e1tky.<\/p>\n

Potaj\u00ed od\u0161t\u00edpnul z lebky asi 20 miligramovou \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dku a podrobil j\u00ed s uzn\u00e1van\u00fdmi odborn\u00edky chemick\u00e9 anal\u00fdze.<\/p>\n

Ne\u0159ekl jim, o co jde. Vy\u0161et\u0159en\u00ed uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee kosti neobsahovaly fluor v pot\u0159ebn\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed. Doktor Oakley za\u0161el je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1l. Nechal prozkoumat \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dky z r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed lebky – a potvrdilo se, \u017ee poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z r\u016fzn\u00fdch element\u016f. Jednalo se o kosti r\u016fzn\u00fdch bytost\u00ed a naprosto nesouhlasilo ani d\u0159\u00edve ud\u00e1van\u00e9 st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed. Lebka Piltdownsk\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka zmizela ve v\u0161\u00ed tichosti v muzejn\u00edm trezoru. \u010c\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b se o n\u00ed bude mluvit, mysleli si v\u011bdci, t\u00edm l\u00e9pe.<\/p>\n

Jen\u017ee na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, \u010di ne\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed byly v pov\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch letech vyvinuty metody, podle nich\u017e se dalo nezvratn\u011b p\u0159esn\u011b dok\u00e1zat st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1lez\u016f a hornin – podle radioaktivity, uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed krystal\u016f, jakosti \u017eeleza, organick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edku a vody a tak d\u00e1le a tak d\u00e1le. Mlad\u00fd u\u010denec dr. E. T. Hall zavedl do oxfordsk\u00e9 laborato\u0159e j\u00edm vynalezen\u00fd spektrograf X paprsk\u016f. Aby dok\u00e1zal jeho p\u0159esnou pr\u00e1ci, navrhl prozkoumat lebku \u201eAnthropus dawsoni“. Musela opustit muzejn\u00ed trezor.<\/p>\n

Tehdy se potvrdily z\u00e1v\u011bry dr. Oakleye, a\u010dkoliv je cht\u011bl zatajit: l\u00edcn\u00ed kost, \u010delist a stoli\u010dky poch\u00e1zely z novodob\u00fdch opic, lebka pat\u0159ila \u010dlov\u011bku. Byla star\u00e1 maxim\u00e1ln\u011b 50000 let. To, \u017ee vypadala jako star\u00e1 na mili\u00f3n let, doc\u00edlil Dawson pomoc\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00fdch chemik\u00e1li\u00ed. T\u00edm se vysv\u011btlila i tajemn\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edtomnost chemik\u00e1li\u00ed v n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00edm Dawsonov\u011b obydl\u00ed. Z\u00e1zra\u010dn\u00e9 kosti z\u0159ejm\u011b poch\u00e1zely z r\u016fzn\u00fdch sv\u011btad\u00edl\u016f.<\/p>\n

Sv\u011bt se proh\u00fdbal sm\u00edchy. Kar\u00edkaturist\u00e9 a \u0161pr\u00fdma\u0159i nem\u011bli d\u00e1vno tak vd\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 t\u00e9ma. Nyn\u00ed za\u010dala cel\u00e1 \u0159ada v\u011bdc\u016f tvrdit, \u017ee d\u00e1vno poukazovali na podvod, ale \u017ee je nikdo nevysly\u0161el. Z velk\u00fdch sv\u011btov\u00fdch muze\u00ed muselo b\u00fdt sta\u017eeno p\u0159es 300 odlitk\u016f lebky Piltdownsk\u00e9ho \u010dlov\u011bka. Musely se m\u011bnit u\u010debnice… N\u00e1pravn\u00e1 opat\u0159en\u00ed se samoz\u0159ejm\u011b nevyhnula ani Piltdownu. Byl odstran\u011bn pam\u00e1tn\u00edk z m\u00edsta nalezi\u0161t\u011b a zru\u0161ena st\u00e1tn\u00ed rezervace. B\u00fdval\u00fd majitel dostal sv\u00e9 pozemky nazp\u011bt. Sv\u00e9ho n\u00e1zvu se nez\u0159ekl pouze hostinec – a\u0165 byla situace jak\u00e1koliv, obchodu prosp\u011bla. Je\u0161t\u011b dlouho l\u00ed\u010dil hostinsk\u00fd zv\u011bdav\u00fdm host\u016fm, jak se prost\u00e9mu advok\u00e1tovi poda\u0159ilo oklamat i samotn\u00e9ho v\u00e1\u017een\u00e9ho \u0159editele britsk\u00e9ho muzea.<\/p>\n

Kus tajemstv\u00ed kolem piltdownsk\u00e9 lebky v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1le nevyjasn\u011bno. Nikdo nev\u00ed, zda Dawson vyr\u00e1b\u011bl pad\u011blky zcela s\u00e1m. Mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee je koupil od jin\u00e9ho podvodn\u00edka a pouze je trochu upravil. Nelze vylou\u010dit, \u017ee byl s\u00e1m oklam\u00e1n a v pravost n\u00e1lezu v\u011b\u0159il.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci v\u0161ak skon\u010dili dal\u0161\u00ed p\u00e1tr\u00e1n\u00ed s lakonick\u00fdm ozn\u00e1men\u00edm v\u00fdsledku. O zp\u016fsobu pad\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed nehovo\u0159\u00ed. Prost\u011b je nezaj\u00edm\u00e1, zda zde sehr\u00e1l hlavn\u00ed \u00falohu Dawson \u010di n\u011bkdo jin\u00fd. Proto\u017ee nikdo nebyl po\u0161kozen, nepostarala se o pln\u00e9 vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed z\u00e1hady ani policie. Ot\u00e1zka, kdo je skute\u010dn\u00fd vin\u00edk, nebyla nikdy zodpov\u011bzena. A u\u017e asi nikdy nebude. V roce 1940 zni\u010dila b\u00fdval\u00fd advok\u00e1t\u016fv d\u016fm ve z\u0159\u00edcenin\u00e1ch lewisk\u00e9ho z\u00e1mku nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e1 bomba. Smetla s sebou i posledn\u00ed stopy.<\/p>\n

Archiv KPUFO<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Po stop\u00e1ch jednoho podvodu<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2378,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[41,24,33],"class_list":["post-4698","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-archeologie","tag-evropa","tag-podvod"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4698","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4698"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4698\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4703,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4698\/revisions\/4703"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2378"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4698"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4698"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4698"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}