{"id":4550,"date":"2026-03-15T00:29:20","date_gmt":"2026-03-14T23:29:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4550"},"modified":"2026-03-24T19:44:49","modified_gmt":"2026-03-24T18:44:49","slug":"sumer-kralovstvi-mesicniho-boha","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2026\/03\/15\/sumer-kralovstvi-mesicniho-boha\/","title":{"rendered":"Sumer &#8211; kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho boha"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed bohat\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu se doch\u00e1z\u00ed k p\u0159ekvapiv\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o \u017eivot\u011b nejstar\u0161\u00ed dosud objeven\u00e9 civilizace, sumersk\u00e9.<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Potvrzuj\u00ed se p\u0159edpoklady, \u017ee v sumersk\u00fdch m\u011bstech, dnes le\u017e\u00edc\u00edch na jihu Ir\u00e1ku, Uru, Laga\u0161i, Nippuru, Uruku a dal\u0161\u00edch, \u017eivot v mnoh\u00e9m p\u0159ipom\u00ednal na\u0161i sou\u010dasnost. \u0158emesln\u00edci tk\u00e1ti jemn\u00e9 textilie, zpracov\u00e1vati sklo a bronz, d\u011blati stoly a \u017eidle, lid\u00e9 ve voln\u00fdch chv\u00edl\u00edch si dop\u0159\u00e1vali pivo, kvetly hazardn\u00ed hry a prostituce. Movit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u00e1my nosily kr\u00e1sn\u00e9 a jemn\u011b vypracovan\u00e9 \u0161perky a dokonce i paruky a mal\u00fdmi l\u017ei\u010dkami si vy\u0161kra-b\u00e1vali maz z koutku o\u010d\u00ed. Stranou nez\u016fst\u00e1vali ani mu\u017ei, kte\u0159\u00ed chodili v kr\u00e1tk\u00fdch sukn\u00edch a do p\u016fl t\u011bla s bohat\u011b zdoben\u00fdmi p\u00e1sy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>HISTORIE ZA\u010cALA V URU<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V Uru, podle n\u00e1lez\u016f nejstar\u0161\u00edm sumersk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b, za\u010daly vykop\u00e1vky u\u017e v roce 1912. Na plo\u0161e zhruba 5,5 \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch kilometr\u016f se rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 obrovsk\u00fd labyrint z ruin a rozvalin, kter\u00fd byl po desetilet\u00edch odkryt pouze z mal\u00e9 \u010c\u00e1sti, V\u011bdci soud\u00ed, \u017ee p\u0159i sou\u010dasn\u00e9m tempu vykop\u00e1vek, doprov\u00e1zen\u00e9m \u010dast\u00fdmi p\u0159est\u00e1vkami, jako tou v sou\u010dasnosti, by bylo pot\u0159eba k odkryt\u00ed cel\u00e9ho tajemstv\u00ed su-mersk\u00e9ho m\u011bsta Uru dal\u0161\u00edch tis\u00edc let.<\/p>\n<p>Zat\u00edm zde bylo z j\u0159tovit\u00e9 p\u016fdy vykop\u00e1no na 700 tis\u00edc tun n\u00e1lez\u016f, kter\u00e9 jsou ulo\u017eeny ve zdej\u0161\u00edch muze\u00edch. Z nich je dosud pops\u00e1: na pouze desetina, proto\u017ee se nedost\u00e1v\u00e1 odborn\u00e9ho person\u00e1lu. Vykop\u00e1vky v Uru hlavn\u011b v posledn\u00edch dvou desetilet\u00edch p\u0159inesly objevy nesm\u00edrn\u00e9ho mno\u017estv\u00ed hlin\u011bn\u00fdch desti\u010dek s kl\u00ednov\u00fdm p\u00edsmem a sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed probl\u00e9my. V\u011bdci, ovl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed znalosti kl\u00ednov\u00e9ho p\u00edsma, dnes stoj\u00ed na \u00fapat\u00ed pomysln\u00e9 hory hlin\u011bn\u00fdch desti\u010dek s p\u00edsmem. A dal\u0161\u00ed desti\u010dky dnes miz\u00ed v soukrom\u00fdch sb\u00edrk\u00e1ch. P\u0159itom jejich obsah je kl\u00ed\u010dem k pozn\u00e1n\u00ed nejstar\u0161\u00ed civilizace. Odhaduje se, \u017ee dal\u0161\u00edch p\u011bt milion\u016f hlin\u011bn\u00fdch text\u016f bude je\u0161t\u011b ukryto v zemi.<\/p>\n<p>Pr\u00e1ce na objevov\u00e1n\u00ed Uru jdou p\u0159esto pomalu ale jist\u00e9 dop\u0159edu. Dnes se v\u011bt\u0161ina v\u011bdc\u016f shoduje v tom, \u017ee v Sumeru existoval u\u017e 3500 let p\u0159. n.l.\u00a0 organizovan\u00fd obchod a o dal\u0161\u00edch dv\u011b st\u011b let pozd\u011bji, co\u017e znamen\u00e1 800 let p\u0159ed stavbou Cheopsovy pyramidy, Uruk p\u0159ipom\u00ednal dne\u0161n\u00ed newyorsk\u00fd Manhattan jako centrum sv\u011btov\u00e9ho obchodu, V t\u00e9 dob\u011b zde \u017eilo 30 a\u017e 100 tis\u00edc obyvatel, zdi m\u011bstsk\u00e9ho opevn\u011bn\u00ed dosahovaly d\u00e9lky deseti kilometr\u016f a byly vyztu\u017eeny 800 hl\u00eddac\u00edmi v\u011b\u017eemi. V m\u011bst\u011b byla \u0159ada v\u00fdstavn\u00fdch budov a p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm chr\u00e1my byly oblo\u017eeny pestr\u00fdmi mozaikami. T\u0159etinu rozlohy m\u011bsta tvo\u0159ily zahrady.<\/p>\n<p><strong>PYTHAGORAS NEBYL PRVN\u00cd<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V t\u00e9 dob\u011b u\u017e Sumerov\u00e9 znali taje p\u00edsma, z n\u011bho\u017e utvo\u0159ili geni\u00e1ln\u00ed a univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed informa\u010dn\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Vykop\u00e1vky potvrdily hypot\u00e9zy, \u017ee z\u00e1hadu pravo\u00fahl\u00e9ho troj\u00faheln\u00edku neobjevil \u0159eck\u00fd Pythagoras, ale d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed t\u00edm u\u017e Sumerov\u00e9. Nyn\u00ed u\u017e nezb\u00fdv\u00e1 nic jin\u00e9ho, ne\u017e Sumer\u016fm tento objev p\u0159iznat i ve \u0161koln\u00edch u\u010debnic\u00edch. Na \u00fazem\u00ed mezi Eufratem a T\u00edgridem byl Ur pouze jedn\u00edm, i kdy\u017e patrn\u011b nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm, sumersk\u00fdm m\u011bstem na tomto vysok\u00e9m stupni v\u00fdvoje. Na sever od n\u011bj se rozkl\u00e1dala dal\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsta. Jejich obyvatel\u00e9 um\u011bli d\u016fmysln\u00e9 vysu\u0161ovat mo\u010d\u00e1ly a stav\u011bt zavla\u017eovac\u00ed kan\u00e1ly st\u00e1le d\u00e1le od \u0159ek. D\u016fsledkem bylo zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed \u00farody a rychl\u00fd r\u016fst obyvatelstva.<\/p>\n<p>Hodnocen\u00ed vykop\u00e1vek p\u0159ineslo tak\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o soci\u00e1ln\u00edch rozd\u00edlech mezi obyvateli Uru. V m\u00edstech, kde se daly podle masivn\u00edch ruin p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat pal\u00e1ce, se nalezlo mno\u017estv\u00ed kost\u00ed dobytka, prasat a mezi nimi i \u017eelv\u00ed krun\u00fd\u0159e a zbytky mu\u0161l\u00ed. V chud\u0161\u00edch \u010dtvrt\u00edch se nach\u00e1zely hlavn\u011b zbytky ryb. Podle nich archeologov\u00e9 tak\u00e9 poznali, \u017ee sta\u0159\u00ed Sumerov\u00e9 lovili i mo\u0159sk\u00e9 ryby, v\u010detn\u011b \u017eralok\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>IDOLY NEJSTAR\u0160\u00cd CIVILIZACE<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Texty sumersk\u00fdch hlin\u011bn\u00fdch tabulek tak\u00e9 poodkryly mnoh\u00e9 z toho, \u010d\u00edm byl dosud zahalen duchovn\u00ed \u017eivot prad\u00e1vn\u00fdch obyvatel. Ti m\u011bli p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed strach ze smrti, a proto se v hrobech sna\u017eili obklopit majetkem a slu\u017eebn\u00edky. Nap\u0159\u00edklad kn\u011b\u017ena Pu&#8217;abi z Uru se kolem roku 2450 p\u0159. n.l. nechala poh\u0159b\u00edt se sv\u00fdmi \u0161perky a n\u00e1bytkem. K tomu j\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b muselo n\u00e1sledovat dvan\u00e1ct hudebnic a \u011aest str\u00e1\u017ec\u016f se sekerami z elektronu, co\u017e je kombinace st\u0159\u00edbra a zlata.<\/p>\n<p>Sumer\u0161t\u00ed bohov\u00e9 archaick\u00e9 doby m\u011bli je\u0161t\u011b lidsk\u00e9 vlastnosti a slabosti. Idoiy nejstar\u0161\u00ed civilizace tak nosily paruky a jejich \u017eensk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st hojn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvala l\u00ed\u010didel. Mu\u017esk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st r\u00e1da pila pivo a bojovala. Nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00facty se mezi star\u00fdmi Sumery t\u011b\u017eila bohyn\u011b I\u0161tara, pova\u017eov\u00e1na za p\u0159edch\u016fdkyni l\u00e1sky Afrod\u00edty a \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 Venu\u0161e. V Sumeru v\u0161ak m\u011bla I\u0161tara mnohem \u0161irS\u00ed pravomoci. Zt\u011bles\u0148ovala nejen l\u00e1sku ale i smrt. Znamenala nejen bohyni kr\u00e1sy ale i v\u00e1lky a ni\u010den\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Na hlin\u011bn\u00fdch desti\u010dk\u00e1ch je detailn\u011b pops\u00e1n I\u0161ta\u0159in ritu\u00e1l a vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 z n\u011bj, \u017ee sta\u0159\u00ed Sumerov\u00e9 m\u011bli minim\u00e1ln\u011b z\u00e1bran, kter\u00e9 bychom nyn\u00ed \u0159adili do oblasti mor\u00e1lky. Bylo to v dob\u00e1ch, kdy v\u00e1\u0161n\u011b lidi b\u00fdl\u00ed krevnat\u00e9, nezat\u00ed\u017een\u00e9 p\u0159edsudky a hrozbou jedin\u00e9ho, p\u0159\u00edsn\u00e9ho boha. Proto se v textech zcela b\u011b\u017en\u011b vyskytuj\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dky o sexu\u00e1ln\u00edch kontaktech mezi mu\u017ei, s d\u011btmi a dokonce i s mrtvolami. I\u0161tara tyto z\u00e1le\u017eitosti netrestala a p\u0159ehl\u00ed\u017eeli je i ostatn\u00ed bohov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed byli zasv\u011bceni M\u011bs\u00edci. To si v\u011bdci vysv\u011btluj\u00ed t\u00edm, \u017ee pro zdej\u0161\u00ed obyvatele znamenal ze dvou nebesk\u00fdch t\u011bles M\u011bs\u00edc sv\u00fdm st\u00ednem p\u0159\u00edjemn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed verzi ne\u017e \u017ehav\u00e9 a zemi spaluj\u00edc\u00ed Slunce.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Jana KR\u00c1TK\u00c1<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Nezn\u00e1m\u00fd zdroj, Archiv ZaZ<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P\u0159i hodnocen\u00ed bohat\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu se doch\u00e1z\u00ed k p\u0159ekvapiv\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011br\u016fm, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm o \u017eivot\u011b nejstar\u0161\u00ed dosud objeven\u00e9 civilizace, sumersk\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1327,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[41,49],"class_list":["post-4550","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-archeologie","tag-asie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4550","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4550"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4550\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4551,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4550\/revisions\/4551"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1327"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4550"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4550"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4550"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}