{"id":4530,"date":"2026-02-15T00:06:09","date_gmt":"2026-02-14T23:06:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4530"},"modified":"2026-02-01T21:52:24","modified_gmt":"2026-02-01T20:52:24","slug":"jak-to-bylo-v-udoli-kralu-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2026\/02\/15\/jak-to-bylo-v-udoli-kralu-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak to bylo v \u00dadol\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f (3)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Objeven\u00ed hrobu kr\u00e1le Tutancham\u00f3na 26.listopadu 1922 zp\u016fsobilo sv\u011btovou senzaci. Byl to nejbohat\u0161\u00ed, dodnes nep\u0159ekonan\u00fd n\u00e1lez v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch archeologie.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Obvykle se o n\u00e1lezu Tutancham\u00f3nova hrobu soud\u00ed, \u017ee na n\u011bj Carter padl prost\u011b fantastickou n\u00e1hodou. Pravda je p\u0159esn\u011b opa\u010dn\u00e1. Carter u\u017e l\u00e9ta nemyslel skoro na nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e na Tutancham\u00f3na. Kdy\u017e s Carnarvonem dokon\u010dovali pl\u00e1n n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 kampan\u011b, je\u017e m\u011bla za\u010d\u00edt v \u0159\u00edjnu 1914, vypukla prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. Museli tedy v\u0161echno odlo\u017eit.<\/p>\n

Na podzim 1917 \u010dinnost obnovili. Carter se rozhodl nebrat z\u0159etel na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z p\u0159edchoz\u00edch v\u00fdkop\u016f a pustit se p\u0159\u00edmo a\u017e ke skaln\u00edmu podlo\u017e\u00ed. Cht\u011bl se soust\u0159edit na troj\u00faheln\u00edkov\u00fd prostor mezi ji\u017e otev\u0159en\u00fdmi hrobkami Ramesse II., Merenptaha a Ram\u00e9sse VI. Z d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch n\u00e1lez\u016f usuzoval, \u017ee by Tutancham\u00f3n\u016fv hrob m\u011bl s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed b\u00fdt pr\u00e1v\u011b tady.<\/p>\n

Aby si byl naprosto jist, \u017ee se bude postupovat metodicky, vypracoval Carter syst\u00e9m m\u0159\u00ed\u017eky, zalo\u017een\u00fd na stejn\u00e9m principu jako d\u011blost\u0159eleck\u00e1 palba, ni\u010d\u00edc\u00ed postupn\u011b cel\u00fd vyt\u010den\u00fd ter\u00e9n. M\u011bl v \u00famyslu postupovat na sv\u00e9 m\u0159\u00ed\u017ece od jednoho \u010dtvere\u010dku ke druh\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

Troj\u00faheln\u00edk m\u011b\u0159il asi jeden hektar, ale pr\u00e1ce na n\u011bm bylo spousty. Musely se p\u0159em\u00edstit statis\u00edce krychlov\u00fdch metr\u016f p\u00edsku, skaln\u00edch \u00falomk\u016f a balvan\u016f. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e1 mechanick\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed tehdy nebyla. Mu\u017ei pracovali s motykami, lopatami a mal\u00fdmi ko\u0161\u00edky, kter\u00e9 neust\u00e1le napl\u0148ovali a zase vyprazd\u0148ovali.<\/p>\n

V prvn\u00ed sez\u00f3n\u011b sestoupil Carter a\u017e k \u00fapat\u00ed vstupu do hrobky Ramesse VI. Asi 10\u201415 metr\u016f odtud obna\u017eil z\u00e1klady d\u011blnick\u00fdch domk\u016f, postaven\u00fdch na n\u00e1sypu z balvan\u016f k\u0159emene. Tam, kde se takov\u00e9 valouny na\u0161ly, nebyla nikdy daleko hrobka, ale Carter dal p\u0159esto najednou pr\u00e1ce zastavit a na\u0159\u00eddil sv\u00fdm lidem p\u0159ej\u00edt na druhou stranu troj\u00faheln\u00edka.<\/p>\n

Z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1hadou, pro\u010d to ud\u011blal. Snad se domn\u00edval, \u017ee domky poch\u00e1zej\u00ed z doby Ramesse VI., 200 let po Tutancham\u00f3novi. Zkr\u00e1tka a dob\u0159e, pustil se do pr\u00e1ce na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b. V p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch dvou m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch nena\u0161el dohromady nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e hl\u00ednu, p\u00edsek a sk\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n

Druh\u00e1 sez\u00f3na, kter\u00e1 za\u010dala v \u0159\u00edjnu 1918, nebyla \u00edo mnoho lep\u0161\u00ed. Carter m\u011bl v \u00famyslu vy\u010distit celou zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed plochu troj\u00faheln\u00edku. P\u016fl roku trvalo jen odstran\u011bn\u00ed svrchn\u00edch vrstev, aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 proniknout ke skaln\u00edmu podlo\u017e\u00ed. Jedin\u00fdm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm objevem bylo t\u0159in\u00e1ct alabastrov\u00fdch n\u00e1dob se jm\u00e9ny Ramesse II. a Merenptaha.<\/p>\n

T\u0159et\u00ed, \u010dtvrt\u00e1 a p\u00e1t\u00e1 sez\u00f3na nep\u0159inesly nic v\u00edc ne\u017e m\u011bs\u00edce \u00famorn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce s velk\u00fdm a n\u00e1kladn\u00fdm mu\u017estvem. Lord Carnarvon za\u010d\u00ednal ztr\u00e1cet z\u00e1jem. Zdravotn\u011b ch\u0159adl, i kdy\u017e mu bylo teprve 47 let. Podl\u00e9hal du\u0161evn\u00ed ochablosti, neust\u00e1le trp\u011bl bolestmi a v tomto stavu se chystal vzd\u00e1t patronace nad egyptskou archeologi\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Rozla\u010fovalo ho tak\u00e9 nov\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159en\u00ed ve spr\u00e1v\u011b staro\u017eitnost\u00ed. Roku 1917 vyst\u0159\u00eddal sira Gastona Maspera Pierre Lacau. Byl to mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b schopn\u00fd archeolog, krom\u011b toho pr\u00e1vem hrd\u00fd na sv\u00e9 administrativn\u00ed schopnosti. Ale zat\u00edmco Maspero se pevn\u011b p\u0159idr\u017eoval z\u00e1sady, \u017ee zahrani\u010dn\u00ed badatel\u00e9 maj\u00ed b\u00fdt podn\u011bcov\u00e1ni p\u0159\u00edslibem alespo\u0148 poloviny ka\u017ed\u00e9ho n\u00e1lezu, Lacau trval na tom, \u017ee vedouc\u00ed spr\u00e1vy staro\u017eitnost\u00ed m\u00e1 m\u00edt pr\u00e1vo vybrat ze v\u0161ech n\u00e1lez\u016f kter\u00fdkoliv p\u0159edm\u011bt (nebo t\u0159eba v\u0161echny) pro Egypt. Carter, kter\u00fd by byl dal ka\u017ed\u00e9mu‘ badateli \u00fapln\u011b voln\u00e9 ruce, Lacaua nen\u00e1vid\u011bl.<\/p>\n

Pak – roku 1921 – byl v depozit\u00e1\u0159i newyorsk\u00e9ho Metropolitn\u00edho muzea u\u010din\u011bn velkolep\u00fd objev. Herbert Winlock, pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u0159editel muzea, z\u00edskal pro n\u011b \u010d\u00e1st nikterak slibn\u00e9ho n\u00e1lezu T. Davise. Te\u010f se kone\u010dn\u011b dostal k prohl\u00eddce on\u011bch p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f; v\u0161iml si na nich v\u011bci, kter\u00e9 nikdo p\u0159ed n\u00edm nevid\u011bl, a nakonec dok\u00e1zal, \u017ee \u010d\u00e1st se jich vztahovala k mumifika\u010dn\u00edmu ob\u0159adu Tutancham\u00f3na. Jin\u00fdch se pou\u017eilo v ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed hostin\u011b konan\u00e9 v hrobce p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e byla naposled zape\u010det\u011bna; to byl nezvratn\u00fd d\u016fkaz, \u017ee Tutancham\u00f3n odpo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v \u00dadol\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Winlock okam\u017eit\u011b informoval Cartera a ten byl u vytr\u017een\u00ed. Lord Carnarvon se uvolil financovat je\u0161t\u011b jednu sez\u00f3nu.<\/p>\n

* * *<\/p>\n

Carter dorazil do \u00dadol\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f 28. \u0159\u00edjna 1922 na \u201eposledn\u00ed“ sez\u00f3nu. N\u011bkolik dn\u00ed d\u00e1val dohromady vybaven\u00ed, p\u0159ezkoum\u00e1val se sv\u00fdmi t\u0159emi p\u0159ed\u00e1ky pracovn\u00ed pl\u00e1ny a naj\u00edmal mu\u017estvo. Vybaveni nebylo jen v\u00fdhradn\u011b archeologick\u00e9; hromadilo se tu tak\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed masov\u00fdch konzerv, krabic speci\u00e1ln\u00edch suchar\u016f a hojnost v\u00edna.<\/p>\n

Dne 1. listopadu 1922 za\u010dal Carter na m\u00edst\u011b, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ed p\u011bty lety prozkoumal a pak opustil: u z\u00e1kladu d\u011blnick\u00fdch domk\u016f. Ve\u010der 3. listopadu vid\u011bl, \u017ee pod domky sah\u00e1 k podlo\u017e\u00ed je\u0161t\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 metr siln\u00e1 vrstva star\u00e9ho ter\u00e9nu. To byla pr\u00e1ce na p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed den.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e Carter n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed r\u00e1no p\u0159i\u0161el, p\u0159ekvapilo ho nezvykl\u00e9 ticho mezi d\u011blniky, kte\u0159\u00ed jinak \u0161t\u011bbetali cel\u00fd den. Nejd\u0159\u00edv ho napadlo, \u017ee se stala n\u011bjak\u00e1 nehoda. Pak mu jeden z p\u0159ed\u00e1k\u016f ozn\u00e1mil, \u017ee na\u0161li stupe\u0148 vytesan\u00fd do sk\u00e1ly. Kdy\u017e se m\u00edsto vy\u010distilo je\u0161t\u011b trochu v\u00edc, zjistil Carter, \u017ee jde skute\u010dn\u011b o za\u010d\u00e1tek strm\u00e9ho schodi\u0161t\u011b vytesan\u00e9ho do sk\u00e1ly a \u017ee zp\u016fsob tes\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159esn\u011b odpov\u00edd\u00e1 tomu, jak\u00e9ho se pou\u017e\u00edvalo u p\u0159\u00edstup\u016f k podzemn\u00edm kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fdm hrobk\u00e1m.<\/p>\n

Ten den i naz\u00edt\u0159\u00ed se hore\u010dn\u011b pracovalo. Styl schod\u016f odpov\u00eddal hrobce z 18. dynastie, z obdob\u00ed Tutancham\u00f3nova. V\u0161ichni byli nesm\u00edrn\u011b vzru\u0161eni. Schodi\u0161t\u011b, cel\u00e9 vytesan\u00e9 ve sk\u00e1le, sestupovalo v p\u011bta\u010dty\u0159icetistup\u0148ov\u00e9m \u00fahlu do nitra mal\u00e9 vyv\u00fd\u0161eniny. Pak se vno\u0159ovalo pod ter\u00e9n a p\u0159ech\u00e1zelo ve stup\u0148ovitou chodbu. K ve\u010deru se Carter dostal – na \u00farovni dvan\u00e1ct\u00e9ho schodu – k horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti vstupu, tvo\u0159en\u00e9ho velk\u00fdmi kameny, om\u00edtnut\u00fdmi a opat\u0159en\u00fdmi pe\u010det\u011bmi s hieroglyfy. S hore\u010dnou nedo\u010dkavost\u00ed ohledal pe\u010det\u011b, aby na\u0161el jm\u00e9no toho, komu hrobka pat\u0159\u00ed. To jm\u00e9no tam muselo b\u00fdt, posv\u00e1tn\u00e1 procedura \u00dadol\u00ed to bezpodm\u00edne\u010dn\u011b na\u0159izovala. Ale Carter jm\u00e9no nena\u0161el, a tak usoudil, \u017ee nejde o hrobku kr\u00e1lovskou.<\/p>\n

Kdyby byl kopal jen o n\u011bkolik centimetr\u016f hloub\u011bji, byl by na\u0161el pe\u010deti s eliptick\u00fdm znakem Nebkheperura, co\u017e bylo tr\u016fnn\u00ed jm\u00e9no Tutancham\u00f3na, a byl by si tak u\u0161et\u0159il v\u00edc ne\u017e t\u0159i t\u00fddny nervozity. Av\u0161ak bylo u\u017e pozd\u011b ve\u010der, elektrick\u00e9 osv\u011btlen\u00ed tehdy je\u0161t\u011b v t\u00e9to \u010d\u00e1sti \u00dadol\u00ed neexistovalo. V hodin\u00e1ch zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch do \u00fapln\u00e9ho setm\u011bn\u00ed bylo t\u0159eba znovu zasypat odkrytou \u010d\u00e1st schodi\u0161t\u011b a pokud mo\u017eno je tak zabezpe\u010dit. A pak tu byl je\u0161t\u011b jeden d\u016fvod. Carter se rozhodl, \u017ee nebude pokra\u010dovat, dokud nep\u0159ijede jeho patron z Anglie.<\/p>\n

Dal tedy s t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdm srdcem v\u00fdkop zah\u00e1zet. Vybral nejd\u016fv\u011bryhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed d\u011bln\u00edky, ustanovil nep\u0159etr\u017eitou hl\u00eddkovou slu\u017ebu a ode\u0161el z \u00dadol\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed den poslal kabelogram Camarvonovi a zajistil si tak\u00e9 pomoc britsk\u00e9ho archeologa A. R. \u201ePeckyho“ Callendera. Zat\u00edmco \u010dekal na Carnavon\u016fv p\u0159\u00edjezd, opat\u0159il si Carter za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed pro v\u00fdrobu elektrick\u00e9ho proudu k osv\u011btlen\u00ed p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdzkumech. V\u0161echno \u0161lo hladce.<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Objeven\u00ed hrobu kr\u00e1le Tutancham\u00f3na 26.listopadu 1922 zp\u016fsobilo sv\u011btovou senzaci. Byl to nejbohat\u0161\u00ed, dodnes nep\u0159ekonan\u00fd n\u00e1lez v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch archeologie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4112,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[20,41,48],"class_list":["post-4530","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-afrika","tag-archeologie","tag-pyramidy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4530","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4530"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4530\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4531,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4530\/revisions\/4531"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4112"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4530"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4530"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4530"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}