{"id":4528,"date":"2026-02-08T00:03:26","date_gmt":"2026-02-07T23:03:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4528"},"modified":"2026-02-01T21:51:56","modified_gmt":"2026-02-01T20:51:56","slug":"jak-to-bylo-v-udoli-kralu-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2026\/02\/08\/jak-to-bylo-v-udoli-kralu-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak to bylo v \u00dadol\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Objeven\u00ed hrobu kr\u00e1le Tutancham\u00f3na 26.listopadu 1922 zp\u016fsobilo sv\u011btovou senzaci. Byl to nejbohat\u0161\u00ed, dodnes nep\u0159ekonan\u00fd n\u00e1lez v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch archeologie.<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Carter poch\u00e1zel ze skromn\u00fdch pom\u011br\u016f. Narodil se roku 1874 v Kensingtonu v Anglii. Jeho otec se \u017eivil t\u00edm, \u017ee ve \u0161lechtick\u00fdch rodin\u00e1ch maloval akvarelov\u00e9 portr\u00e9ty dom\u00e1c\u00edch zv\u00ed\u0159at; nemohl si dovolit pos\u00edlat syna do \u0161kol. Carter se tedy nau\u010dil od otce malovat akvarely a vypadalo to, \u017ee mu osud ur\u010dil stejn\u011b nev\u00e1bnou dr\u00e1hu.<\/p>\n<p>Ale v l\u00e9t\u011b 1891 se jeho \u017eivot zcela zm\u011bnil. Profesor Percy E. Newberry z K\u00e1hirsk\u00e9ho muzea n\u00e1hodou uk\u00e1zal sv\u00e9 d\u00e1vn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edtelkyni lady Amherstov\u00e9 z Hackney tu\u017ekou na\u010drtnut\u00e9 obrysy hieroglyf\u016f na starov\u011bk\u00fdch objektech. Pot\u0159eboval by pr\u00fd n\u011bkoho, kdo by kresby dokon\u010dil. Lady Amherstov\u00e1 mu doporu\u010dila Howarda Cartera; bylo mu tehdy sedmn\u00e1ct.<\/p>\n<p>Carter pracoval t\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce v Britsk\u00e9m muzeu a pak se p\u0159ipojil k v\u00fdprav\u011b soukron\u00ed\u00e9 organizace spolupracuj\u00edc\u00ed s muzeem, kter\u00e1 prov\u00e1d\u011bla vykop\u00e1vky na Nilu. Nakonec se stal asistentem jednoho z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch egyptolog\u016f v\u0161ech dob, sir\u00e1 Williama Flinderse Petrieho, a v letech 1891 a\u017e 1898 trp\u011bliv\u011b kop\u00edroval akvarelem malby a reli\u00e9fy ze zd\u00ed velk\u00e9ho poh\u0159ebn\u00edho chr\u00e1mu v D\u00e1r al-Bahr\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Carter, mal\u00fd a statn\u00fd, se za sv\u00fdch u\u010dednick\u00fdch let dr\u017eel znamenit\u011b. P\u0159esto\u017ee nem\u011bl \u0161koln\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, rychle se do archeologie vpravil. Sv\u00fdm nad\u0161en\u00edm a z\u00e1jmem si z\u00edskal respekt p\u0159edstaven\u00fdch. Roku 1899 &#8211; to mu bylo p\u011btadvacet let &#8211; ho Francouz sir Gaston Maspero, \u0159editel spr\u00e1vy staro\u017eitnost\u00ed, jmenoval inspektorem pam\u011btihodnost\u00ed v Horn\u00edm Egypt\u011b a N\u00fabii. A kdy\u017e ho Maspero p\u0159edstavil lordu Carnarvonovi a po\u017e\u00e1dal ho, aby mu d\u011blal pr\u016fvodce, ochotn\u011b p\u0159ijal. Byla to skv\u011bl\u00e1 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost pro ob\u011b strany.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">* * *<\/p>\n<p>Scen\u00e9rie dramatu, v n\u011bm\u017e m\u011bli vystupovat Tutancham\u00f3n, lord Carnarvon a Howard Carter, m\u00e1 d\u011bsivou v\u00e1\u017enost &#8211; \u00dadol\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f. Jm\u00e9no zn\u00ed velmi vzne\u0161en\u011b, ale m\u00edsto samo je odlehl\u00e9, nep\u0159\u00edv\u011btiv\u00e9, vyprahl\u00e9 a opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Za starod\u00e1vn\u00fdch \u010das\u016f se stejn\u011b jako dnes cestovalo do \u00dadol\u00ed z Th\u00e9b (dne\u0161n\u00edho Luxoru), le\u017e\u00edc\u00edch na Nilu asi 720 km ji\u017en\u011b od K\u00e1hiry. Za \u0159ekou se t\u00e1hne asi p\u011btikilometrov\u00fd p\u00e1s planiny z\u00farod\u0148ovan\u00e9 ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00edmi z\u00e1plavami. M\u00edsto, kde orn\u00e1 p\u016fda p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed v pou\u0161\u0165, se za tis\u00edce let posunulo jen o p\u00e1r metr\u016f. Odtud se hol\u00fd ter\u00e9n zved\u00e1 zprvu postupn\u011b a pak v dynamick\u00e9m crescendu k vysok\u00e9mu \u00fatesu zvan\u00e9mu D\u00e1r al-Bahr\u00ed. Na \u00fapat\u00ed \u00fatesu je \u00dadol\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Pro starov\u011bk\u00e9 Egyp\u0165any bylo nade v\u0161echno d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9, aby jejich t\u011blesn\u00e1 schr\u00e1nka m\u011bla zaji\u0161t\u011bny ve\u0161ker\u00e9 pot\u0159eby v z\u00e1hrob\u00ed a aby z\u016fstala neporu\u0161ena na m\u00edst\u011b, kter\u00e9 bylo pro ni zbudov\u00e1no. Nejstar\u0161\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 se toho sna\u017eili dos\u00e1hnout t\u00edm, \u017ee nad ostatky vzty\u010dovali pyramidy, doslova hory kamene. Zkou\u0161elo se v\u0161echno, na\u010d mohl lidsk\u00fd d\u016fmysl p\u0159ij\u00edt a co se dalo zaplatit. Vstup uzav\u00edraly n\u011bkolikatunov\u00e9 \u017eulov\u00e9 monolity. Stav\u011bly se fale\u0161n\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstupy, vysazovaly tajn\u00e9 dve\u0159e. V\u0161echno nadarmo. V tom nekone\u010dn\u00e9m z\u00e1poleni mezi t\u011bmi, kdo cht\u011bli skr\u00fdt sv\u00e9 poklady nav\u011bky, a t\u011bmi, kdo je cht\u011bli z\u00edskat pro sebe, bez milosti prohr\u00e1vali ti prvn\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Na po\u010d\u00e1tku 18. dynastie, kolem roku 1580 p\u0159. n. l., t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 neexistoval v \u00c9gypt\u011b kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd hrob, kter\u00fd by nebyl vyloupen. Tehdy se Thutm\u00f3se I., jeden z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch vlada\u0159\u016f Egypta, rozhodl skoncovat s tradic\u00ed a vybudoval si hrobku zcela jinou, skrytou v podzem\u00ed. Vybral si k tomu \u00fadol\u00ed pod velk\u00fdm \u00fatesem, kter\u00fd \u010dn\u011bl za Nilem proti jeho hlavn\u00edmu m\u011bstu Th\u00e9b\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<p>V\u0161ichni dal\u0161\u00ed monarchov\u00e9 18. dynastie n\u00e1sledovali jeho p\u0159\u00edkladu a za p\u011bt set let trv\u00e1n\u00ed imp\u00e9ria byly loupe\u017ee hrob\u016f ojedin\u011bl\u00fdmi p\u0159\u00edpady. Ale v 19. a 20. dynastii (p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b obdob\u00ed 1320 a\u017e 1200 p\u0159. n. l.) se vylupov\u00e1n\u00ed hrobek op\u011bt nesm\u00edrn\u011b rozmohlo a postihlo v\u0161echny soudob\u00e9 velk\u00e9 panoVn\u00edky.<\/p>\n<p>Howard Carter l\u00e9ta pe\u010dliv\u011b sledoval v\u0161echny archeologick\u00e9 objevy, v\u00edce i m\u00e9n\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, a v\u011bd\u011bl o ka\u017ed\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9 hrobce \u010di mumii. Od sam\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku sv\u00e9 archeologick\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy byl p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee \u00dadol\u00ed nevydalo je\u0161t\u011b v\u0161echna sv\u00e1 tajemstv\u00ed, i kdy\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd v dlouh\u00e9 \u0159ad\u011b v\u011bdc\u016f nebo, hleda\u010d\u016f pokladu si byl jist, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b on prozkoumal celou oblast beze zbytku.<\/p>\n<p>Roku 1875 byl v D\u00e1r al-Bahr\u00ed u\u010din\u011bn objev do t\u00e9 doby nejpozoruhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Rodina profesion\u00e1ln\u00edho vylupova\u010de hrobek &#8211; jm\u00e9nem Abdar Ras\u00fal &#8211; na\u0161la ve sk\u00e1le vytesanou m\u00edstnost s ne m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e \u010dty\u0159iceti mumiemi kr\u00e1l\u016f z 18. a\u017e 21. dynastie, kter\u00e9 sem byly spole\u010dn\u011b ulo\u017eeny v posledn\u00edm zoufal\u00e9m pokusu oklamat zlod\u011bje.<\/p>\n<p>Tento fenomen\u00e1ln\u00ed objev p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dil historiky, \u017ee tentokr\u00e1t u\u017e \u00dadol\u00ed vydalo opravdu sv\u00e9 posledn\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b roku 1902 dostal americk\u00fd milion\u00e1\u0159 Theodore Davis koncesi pro tuto oblast a roku 1907 u\u010dinil \u0159adu n\u00e1lez\u016f poukazuj\u00edc\u00edch p\u0159\u00edmo ke kr\u00e1li Tutancham\u00f3novi.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00ed rok na\u0161el na vr\u0161ku nedaleko dvou jin\u00fdch zn\u00e1m\u00fdch hrob\u016f nedot\u010denou \u0161achtu. Nebyla nijak ozna\u010dena a neobsahovala nic mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9ho &#8211; asi 40 keramick\u00fdch n\u00e1dob s pl\u00e1tnem a mno\u017estv\u00ed hlin\u011bn\u00fdch \u0161\u00e1lk\u016f a podobn\u00fdch v\u011bc\u00ed. Zjistil, \u017ee \u201ev\u00edko jedn\u00e9 n\u00e1doby bylo poru\u0161eno a p\u0159ev\u00e1z\u00e1no l\u00e1tkou, na ni\u017e bylo naps\u00e1no Tutancham\u00f3novo jm\u00e9no&#8220;. Ale cel\u00fd objev byl tak skromn\u00fd, \u017ee se nad n\u00edm nikdo p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nezam\u00fd\u0161lel.<\/p>\n<p>Nakonec i Davis prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee \u00dadol\u00ed je vy\u010derp\u00e1no, vzdal se sv\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a koncesi z\u00edskali lord Carnarvon s Howardem Carterem. P\u0159i jej\u00edm podpisu \u0159ekl Maspero ob\u011bma, \u017ee podle jeho n\u00e1zoru to, co mohou vykopat, jim neuhrad\u00ed ani v\u00fdlohy. Ale Carter si byl pevn\u011b jist, \u017ee v \u00dadol\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f je je\u0161t\u011b hrobka jednoho fara\u00f3na a \u017ee t\u00edm fara\u00f3nem je Tutancham\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Objeven\u00ed hrobu kr\u00e1le Tutancham\u00f3na 26.listopadu 1922 zp\u016fsobilo sv\u011btovou senzaci. Byl to nejbohat\u0161\u00ed, dodnes nep\u0159ekonan\u00fd n\u00e1lez v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch archeologie.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4112,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[20,41,48],"class_list":["post-4528","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-afrika","tag-archeologie","tag-pyramidy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4528","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4528"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4528\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4529,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4528\/revisions\/4529"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4112"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4528"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4528"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4528"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}