{"id":4490,"date":"2025-12-28T00:54:35","date_gmt":"2025-12-27T23:54:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4490"},"modified":"2025-12-22T19:03:24","modified_gmt":"2025-12-22T18:03:24","slug":"historie-rytirskych-radu-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2025\/12\/28\/historie-rytirskych-radu-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Historie ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch \u0159\u00e1d\u016f (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Osudy Johanit\u016f<\/strong><\/p>\n

V roce 1291, kdy vzala za sv\u00e9 nad\u011bje na udr\u017een\u00ed Svat\u00e9 zem\u011b, p\u0159es\u00eddlili johanit\u00e9 na Kypr, kde tak\u00e9 zalo\u017eili mocn\u00fd centralizovan\u00fd st\u00e1t. Jejich lo\u010fstvo pat\u0159ilo ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b k nejl\u00e9pe vybaven\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

Neuplynulo v\u0161ak ani dvacet let a st\u00e1t se v d\u016fsledku vnit\u0159n\u00edch rozpor\u016f a sv\u00e1r\u016f rozpadl. V roce 1309 se \u0161pit\u00e1ln\u00edci uch\u00fdlili na ostrov Rhodos, podle n\u011bho\u017e se jim za\u010dalo \u0159\u00edkat \u201eRhod\u0161t\u00ed brat\u0159i“. Turci, kte\u0159\u00ed v pr\u016fb\u011bhu 15. a 16. stolet\u00ed opanovali celou oblast St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed, za\u00fato\u010dili i na Rhodos, a ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed byli znovu oloupeni o st\u0159echu nad hlavou, nezbylo ne\u017e vyrazit do sv\u011bta a hledat nov\u00e9, jist\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fato\u010di\u0161t\u011b.<\/p>\n

V roce 1530 se definitivn\u011b usadili na Malt\u011b. Odtud dal\u0161\u00ed jejich n\u00e1zev, \u201eMalt\u00e9z\u0161t\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159i“. Pot\u00e9, co bratrstvo obdr\u017eelo od c\u00edsa\u0159e Karla V. vedle Malty t\u00e9\u017e sousedn\u00ed ostrovy Gozo a Comino, p\u0159em\u011bnilo se v Malt\u00e9zsk\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d sv. Jana z Jeruzal\u00e9ma.<\/p>\n

Byl to stejn\u011b jako d\u0159\u00edve suver\u00e9nn\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fd st\u00e1t, v jeho\u017e \u010dele st\u00e1l velmistr. K v\u00fdrazn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m ov\u0161em do\u0161lo v ot\u00e1zk\u00e1ch c\u00edle a politick\u00fdch ambic\u00ed \u0159\u00e1du. O bo\u017e\u00edm hrobu \u010di p\u00e9\u010di o trp\u00edc\u00ed a chor\u00e9 u\u017e nepadla ani zm\u00ednka; ryt\u00ed\u0159i se prohl\u00e1sili za p\u0159edvoj k\u0159es\u0165anstva v boji proti Turk\u016fm a u\u010dinili slib, \u017ee budou br\u00e1nit St\u0159edozemn\u00ed mo\u0159e p\u0159ed sult\u00e1nem a maghribsk\u00fdmi korz\u00e1ry.<\/p>\n

Je t\u0159eba \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee se ryt\u00ed\u0159i s nep\u0159\u00edtelem pot\u00fdkali v\u00edce ne\u017e ob\u011btav\u011b a prok\u00e1zali p\u0159\u00edmo neoceniteln\u00e9 slu\u017eby jak Karlu V., tak Filipu II. Skute\u010dn\u00e9ho vrcholu sv\u00e9 sl\u00e1vy \u0159\u00e1d dos\u00e1hl, kdy\u017e v\u00edt\u011bzn\u011b udolal \u010dty\u0159m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00edmu obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed Turk\u016f a donutil tak k \u00fastupu jejich po\u010detn\u00e9 lo\u010fstvo a arm\u00e1du o s\u00edle 40 tis\u00edc mu\u017e\u016f. K t\u00e9to ud\u00e1losti do\u0161lo v roce 1565. Ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016fm v po\u010dtu 9 tis\u00edc mu\u017e\u016f tehdy velel velmistr \u0159\u00e1du Jean Parisot de La Vallette, podle n\u011bho\u017e byla pozd\u011bji pojmenov\u00e1na metropole tohoto ostrovn\u00edho st\u00e1tu.<\/p>\n

Jak se \u010dasto st\u00e1v\u00e1, nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed vzestup byl sou\u010dasn\u011b tak\u00e9 po\u010d\u00e1tkem hlubok\u00e9ho p\u00e1du. \u017delezn\u00e1 discipl\u00edna ochabovala, doch\u00e1zelo i k n\u00e1rodnostn\u00edm rozep\u0159\u00edm a ryt\u00ed\u0159i, zvolna propadaj\u00edc\u00ed h\u0159\u00edchu, se za\u010dali obohacovat na \u00fakor dom\u00e1c\u00edho obyvatelstva. Ve stavu v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho \u00fapadku, korupce a rozkladu se v\u00fdrazn\u011b projevila tot\u00e1ln\u00ed neschopnost velmistr\u016f podobnou situaci radik\u00e1ln\u011b \u0159e\u0161it. Ztratili re\u00e1lnou moc, \u010deho\u017e dok\u00e1zali \u0161ikovn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edt jezuit\u00e9 a svat\u00e1 inkvizice.<\/p>\n

\u00dam\u011brn\u011b oslabov\u00e1n\u00ed tureck\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy nab\u00fdvala \u010dinnost \u0159\u00e1du m\u00edrov\u011bj\u0161\u00edho, dalo by se dokonce \u0159\u00edci \u201eciviln\u011bj\u0161\u00edho“ charakteru. Povst\u00e1n\u00ed m\u00edstn\u00edch obyvatel (potomk\u016f Arab\u016f a F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u016f), k n\u011bmu\u017e do\u0161lo v roce 1775, se \u0159\u00e1du sice poda\u0159ilo potla\u010dit, av\u0161ak p\u0159esto velmistra prince Rohana donutilo k ur\u010dit\u00fdm drobn\u00fdm reform\u00e1m. Pokusil se o reorganizaci st\u00e1tn\u00edho \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, soudnictv\u00ed, o zlep\u0161en\u00ed ekonomiky, co\u017e tak\u00e9 ve sv\u00fdch d\u016fsledc\u00edch p\u0159isp\u011blo k \u0161ir\u0161\u00edmu pohledu na sv\u011btovou politiku. Pr\u00e1v\u011b v tomto obdob\u00ed tak\u00e9 zapo\u010dalo sbli\u017eov\u00e1n\u00ed malt\u00e9zsk\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f s odv\u011bk\u00fdm nep\u0159\u00edtelem Porty, s Ruskem. Za shov\u00edvav\u00e9ho p\u0159isp\u011bn\u00ed Kate\u0159iny II. byl \u0159\u00e1du p\u0159ed\u00e1n zprvu bohat\u00fd major\u00e1t kn\u00ed\u017eat Ostro\u017esk\u00fdch a pot\u00e9 i b\u00fdval\u00e9 panstv\u00ed jezuit\u016f v Polsku, kde bylo brzy nato z\u0159\u00edzeno rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 p\u0159evorstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V tomto obdob\u00ed je tak\u00e9 t\u0159eba hledat po\u010d\u00e1tky ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch her, kter\u00e9 za \u010das\u016f cara Pavla tolik udivovaly ruskou spole\u010dnost.<\/p>\n

Mnoh\u00e9 z toho, co se n\u00e1m jev\u00ed jako ne\u010dekan\u00e9, n\u00e1hl\u00e9, ba dokonce tajemn\u00e9, vych\u00e1z\u00ed ze spodn\u00edch proud\u016f d\u011bjinn\u00e9ho procesu, proud\u016f poh\u0159\u00edchu zcela pragmatick\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Pavlovy sympatie k malt\u00e9zsk\u00e9mu \u0159\u00e1du byly krom\u011b panovn\u00edkovy z\u00e1liby v romantick\u00fdch ritu\u00e1lech d\u00e1ny rovn\u011b\u017e d\u016fvody politick\u00fdmi. Francouzsk\u00e1 revoluce, kter\u00e1 vypudila \u0159\u00e1d ze zem\u011b, u\u010dinila z n\u011bho op\u011bt p\u0159irozen\u00e9ho spojence rusk\u00e9ho samod\u011br\u017eav\u00ed, a to p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm v\u016f\u010di vnit\u0159n\u00edmu nep\u0159\u00edteli.<\/p>\n

\u201eCar Pavel,\u201c upozor\u0148uje proz\u00edrav\u00fd \u0161v\u00e9dsk\u00fd diplomat G. M. Armfelb, \u201ev sob\u011b v on\u011bch vratk\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch p\u0159evrat\u016f a intrik spojoval netrp\u011blivost a krutost arm\u00e1dn\u00edho despoty s jistou d\u00e1vkou smyslu pro spravedlnost a ryt\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed.“<\/p>\n

Dojde-li k ot\u0159esen\u00ed tr\u016fnu, chytaj\u00ed se monarchov\u00e9 t\u0159eba st\u00e9bla tr\u00e1vy.<\/p>\n

Hierarchick\u00e1 discipl\u00edna feud\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du a jeho z\u0159ejm\u00fd konzervatismus nemohly nev\u00e1bit vlada\u0159e, kter\u00fd snil o \u201eryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9“ v\u011brnosti sv\u00fdch poddan\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

N. A. Eidelman ve sv\u00e9 pozoruhodn\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci \u201eHranice v\u011bk\u016f\u201c o tom p\u00ed\u0161e:<\/p>\n

\u201eDne 26. \u00fanora 1797 polo\u017eil car Pavel na m\u00edst\u011b zbo\u0159en\u00e9ho Letn\u00edho pal\u00e1ce z\u00e1kladn\u00ed k\u00e1men Michajlovsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1mku. Ob\u0159adnost i symbolismus jsou tu zastoupeny v maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e: stav\u00ed se p\u0159ece pansk\u00e9 s\u00eddlo st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho typu v barv\u00e1ch rukavi\u010dky spanil\u00e9 d\u00e1my (Anny Lopuchinov\u00e9-Gagarinov\u00e9), kter\u00e9 se v t\u00e9 dob\u011b car dvo\u0159il.“<\/p>\n

Pavlovy \u010diny ztr\u00e1cej\u00ed mystick\u00fd h\u00e1v a st\u00e1vaj\u00ed se zcela pochopiteln\u00fdmi teprve p\u0159i za\u0159azen\u00ed do obecn\u011b politick\u00e9ho kontextu.<\/p>\n

Konvent prov\u00e1d\u00ed konfiskaci majetku malt\u00e9zsk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du na cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed Francie. Car, kter\u00fd p\u0159ed zdivo\u010delou l\u016fzou a p\u0159ed jakob\u00edny h\u00e1j\u00ed u\u0161lechtil\u00e9 ide\u00e1ly ryt\u00ed\u0159stv\u00ed, podepisuje neprodlen\u011b dohodu o z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed \u0159\u00e1du sv. Jana v Rusku, ve kter\u00e9 mimo jin\u00e9 \u201e…ratifikuje jm\u00e9nem sv\u00fdm i jm\u00e9nem sv\u00fdch n\u00e1sledn\u00edk\u016f pro v\u0161echny \u010dasy a v\u0161echna \u00fazem\u00ed zp\u016fsobem nanejv\u00fd\u0161 slavnostn\u00edm zaveden\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161e zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du ve v\u0161ech sv\u00fdch dr\u017eav\u00e1ch.“<\/p>\n

Na\u0161\u00ed pozornosti jist\u011b neunikne rozmach vpravd\u011b kosmick\u00fd: pro \u201ev\u0161echna \u00fazem\u00ed“ a na \u201ev\u0161echny \u010dasy“… Velkop\u0159evorstv\u00ed voly\u0148sk\u00e9mu vedle toho poskytla st\u00e1tn\u00ed pokladna ro\u010dn\u00ed d\u016fchod ve v\u00fd\u0161i 300 tis\u00edc zlat\u00fdch, kter\u00fd byl nav\u00edc \u201epro v\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 \u010dasy“ zbaven v\u0161ech sr\u00e1\u017eek a dan\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Politick\u00fd akt za\u010dal nab\u00fdvat podoby \u010darod\u011bjn\u00e9ho myst\u00e9ria. Malt\u00e9z\u0161t\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed se v Rusku us\u00eddlili, si s vypo\u010d\u00edtavost\u00ed ryze jezuitskou posp\u00ed\u0161ili, aby t\u00e9to v\u00fdhodn\u00e9 konstelace hv\u011bzd vyu\u017eili.<\/p>\n

Caru Pavlovi byl ud\u011blen na rusk\u00e9 pom\u011bry pon\u011bkud kuri\u00f3zn\u00ed titul \u201eprotektora n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed malt\u00e9zsk\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f“, tedy n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00ed katolick\u00e9ho, kter\u00e9 pravoslavn\u00fd vlada\u0159 bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch okolk\u016f p\u0159ijal. Velmistr \u0159\u00e1du Gamp\u00e9che mu vyj\u00e1d\u0159il svou vd\u011b\u010dnost symbolicky cenn\u00fdmi dary – k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem La Valetta a ostatky sv. Jana.
\nP\u0159i sv\u00e9m ta\u017een\u00ed do Egypta se Napoleon Bonaparte zmocnil Malty, kterou mu bez boje vydal s\u00e1m velmistr ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du Gamp\u00e9che. Kapitula, kter\u00e1 se shrom\u00e1\u017edila v Rusku, proto rozhodla zbavit ho tohoto vysok\u00e9ho \u00fa\u0159adu.<\/p>\n

Jeho navr\u017een\u00e9mu n\u00e1stupci se dostalo souhlasn\u00e9ho ocen\u011bn\u00ed ze v\u0161ech stran. Velkop\u0159evor hrab\u011b Litta v\u011bd\u011bl p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dob\u0159e, s k\u00fdm bude m\u00edt tu \u010dest a – t\u0159eba\u017ee v Petrohradu \u017eil ji\u017e n\u011bkolik let – p\u0159ijel tedy ke dvoru v zapr\u00e1\u0161en\u00e9m ko\u010d\u00e1ru, doslova jako poutn\u00edk z dalek\u00fdch krajin. Stejnou pe\u010det\u00ed \u0159eholnick\u00e9ho putov\u00e1n\u00ed se vyzna\u010dovaly i ko\u010d\u00e1ry jeho doprovodu.<\/p>\n

V pon\u00ed\u017een\u00e9m pokleku po\u017e\u00e1dali \u0159\u00e1dov\u00ed brat\u0159i v od\u011bvech johanit\u016f \u201ez\u00e1meck\u00e9ho p\u00e1na“ o p\u0159\u00edst\u0159e\u0161\u00ed, jako by opravdu byli bludn\u00fdmi ryt\u00ed\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed na sv\u00e9 strastipln\u00e9 cest\u011b za svat\u00fdm gr\u00e1lem spat\u0159ili mezi p\u00edse\u010dn\u00fdmi dunami k\u00fd\u017eenou z\u00e1meckou v\u011b\u017e. Z\u00e1meck\u00fd p\u00e1n, jen\u017e byl p\u0159edob\u0159e zpraven o v\u0161ech detailech ritu\u00e1lu, velel slu\u017eebnictvu, aby deputaci malt\u00e9zsk\u00fdch host\u00ed uvedlo do p\u0159epychov\u011b za\u0159\u00edzen\u00fdch komnat.<\/p>\n

V historick\u00fdch pozn\u00e1mk\u00e1ch M. K. \u0160ild\u011bra je tato dojemn\u00e1 epizoda vyl\u00ed\u010dena n\u00e1sledovn\u011b:<\/p>\n

\u201e…Pavel, kdy\u017e byl zahl\u00e9dl vy\u010derpan\u00e9 mu\u017ee, vyhl\u00ed\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed z ko\u010d\u00e1r\u016f, dal bez odkladu zjistit, kdo to p\u0159ijel; pobo\u010dn\u00edk se z\u00e1hy vr\u00e1til, \u0159ka, \u017ee to ctn\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159ov\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1du Svat\u00e9ho Jana Jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9ho pros\u00ed o laskav\u00e9 p\u0159ijet\u00ed. \u201eUve\u010fte je d\u00e1le!\u201c poru\u010dil car. Hrab\u011b Litta vstoupil a pravil, \u017ee p\u0159i sv\u00e9m bloud\u011bn\u00ed nehostinnou arabskou pou\u0161t\u00ed spat\u0159ili z\u00e1mek a dozv\u011bd\u011bli se, komu pat\u0159\u00ed…“<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edjemn\u011b vzru\u0161en\u00fd vlada\u0159, jen\u017e si u\u017e v ml\u00e1d\u00ed r\u00e1d pohr\u00e1val se zedn\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdmi myst\u00e9rii, projevil nel\u00ed\u010den\u00e9 dojet\u00ed a bez sebemen\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1mitky p\u0159ijal t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 operetn\u011b zn\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed titul, kter\u00fd mu byl nab\u00eddnut.<\/p>\n

\u201eAch, ten rusk\u00fd Don Quijote!“ zvolal Napoleon, kdy\u017e se dozv\u011bd\u011bl o jmenov\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9ho velmistra.<\/p>\n

T\u00edm, \u017ee poskytl podporu ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016fm, kter\u00fdm doslova ho\u0159ela p\u016fda pod nohama, provedl car Pavel skute\u010dn\u011b klasick\u00fd donkichotsk\u00fd kousek. Byl to \u010din bezesporu u\u0161lechtil\u00fd a j\u00edmav\u00fd, sou\u010dasn\u011b v\u0161ak komick\u00fd. Existuje domn\u011bnka, \u017ee v\u00fdsti\u017en\u00e1 pozn\u00e1mka prvn\u00edho konzula nebyla reakc\u00ed na ud\u00e1lost nep\u0159edv\u00eddanou, ale pr\u00e1v\u011b naopak netrp\u011bliv\u011b o\u010dek\u00e1vanou. Ba co v\u00edc, operace s Maltou pr\u00fd byla sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed slo\u017eit\u00e9 politick\u00e9 intriky, kterou d\u016fmysln\u011b vykonstruoval Talleyrand, aby vyvolal spor mezi Ruskem a Angli\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se Napoleon vylodil na ostrov\u011b, sotva po\u010d\u00edtal s t\u00edm, \u017ee by si ho mohl udr\u017eet na dlouho. Angli\u010dan\u00e9, maj\u00edc\u00ed jasnou p\u0159evahu na mo\u0159i, dobyli Maltu z\u00e1hy zp\u011bt, a t\u00edm hodili nov\u00e9mu velmistrovi do tv\u00e1\u0159e rukavici. Po t\u00e9to akci se protifrancouzsk\u00e1 koalice rozpadla. Byla to vskutku p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00e1 cena za st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 hra\u010di\u010dky – malt\u00e9zskou korunu a \u017eezlo, pe\u010de\u0165 a ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fd me\u010d.<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, korunovace se odehr\u00e1la se v\u0161\u00ed sl\u00e1vou v tr\u016fnn\u00ed s\u00edni Zimn\u00edho pal\u00e1ce, kde se p\u0159i t\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitosti shrom\u00e1\u017edil sen\u00e1t, synod a cel\u00e1 dvorsk\u00e1 kamarila. Malt\u00e9zsk\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017e po\u017eehnal dvouhlav\u00e9ho \u0159\u00ed\u0161sk\u00e9ho orla a k p\u0159edlouh\u00e9mu v\u00fd\u010dtu carov\u00fdch titul\u016f, kter\u00fd kon\u010d\u00edval slovy \u201ea dal\u0161\u00ed“, byl p\u0159ipojen je\u0161t\u011b jeden. Zachoval se v\u00fdnos podepsan\u00fd carem:<\/p>\n

\u201eProklamaci, je\u017e n\u00e1m byla p\u0159edlo\u017eena 29. dne m\u011bs\u00edce listopadu, My, p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00edce titul Velmistra pro v\u0161echny \u010dasy nade v\u0161e slavn\u00e9ho a \u00factyhodn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du svat\u00e9ho Jana Jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9ho, porou\u010d\u00edme na\u0161emu sen\u00e1tu, aby byl p\u0159ipojen k na\u0161im c\u00edsa\u0159sk\u00fdm titul\u016fm, a synodu porou\u010d\u00edme, aby jej um\u00edstil dle vlastn\u00edho uv\u00e1\u017een\u00ed.“<\/p>\n

N\u00e1sledovaly slavnostn\u00ed salvy, vojensk\u00e1 p\u0159ehl\u00eddka, obloha zasv\u00edtila barevn\u00fdm oh\u0148ostrojem. Po\u010det komend v \u0159\u00ed\u0161i se p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eil stu, objevilo se zcela nep\u0159irozen\u00e9 a s ni\u010d\u00edm neporovnateln\u00e9 \u201erusk\u00e9 pravoslavn\u00e9“ p\u0159evorstv\u00ed, gardov\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edci nosili kamizoly s osmihrann\u00fdm k\u0159i\u017eem, kter\u00fd ozna\u010doval i dve\u0159e carova ko\u010d\u00e1ru. B\u00fdval\u00fd pal\u00e1c kn\u00ed\u017eete Voroncova, kde na\u0161la sv\u00e9 s\u00eddlo kapitula, by\u0165 sp\u011b\u0161n\u011b p\u0159ejmenov\u00e1n na z\u00e1mek, na Kamenn\u00e9m ostrov\u011b byl v nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edm chvatu postaven poutnick\u00fd d\u016fm s kostelem Jana K\u0159titele, v n\u011bm\u017e duhov\u011b zaz\u00e1\u0159ila slavnostn\u00ed roucha katolick\u00e9ho duchovenstva.<\/p>\n

To nejlep\u0161\u00ed ov\u0161em teprve p\u0159ijde. \u010cil\u00fd ruch nastal mezi jezuity. Trapist\u00e9 z\u0159izovali kl\u00e1\u0161tery, narychlo p\u0159icestoval pape\u017esk\u00fd nuncius a pozv\u00e1n\u00ed k n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bv\u011b Petrohradu dostal i s\u00e1m nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pontifik. Vypadalo to, jako by se obrovsk\u00e1 velmoc stala pouh\u00fdm z\u00e1mo\u0159sk\u00fdm teritoriem nepatrn\u00e9ho ostr\u016fvku, obsazen\u00e9ho nav\u00edc ciz\u00edm vojskem, a chyst\u00e1 se p\u0159estoupit na jinou v\u00edru. Zl\u00ed jazykov\u00e9 dokonce tvrdili, \u017ee s\u00e1m car Pavel pom\u00fd\u0161l\u00ed na pape\u017esk\u00fd stolec a \u010dek\u00e1 jen na p\u0159\u00edhodn\u00fd okam\u017eik, aby mohl usednout na m\u00edsto Pia VII.<\/p>\n

V atmosf\u00e9\u0159e napjat\u00e9ho o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed se hranice mo\u017en\u00e9ho jako by docela rozplynuly. Co\u017e to nebyl s\u00e1m pape\u017e, kdo ud\u011blil sv\u00e9 po\u017eehn\u00e1n\u00ed, kdy\u017e se velmistrem katolick\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du stal panovn\u00edk pravoslavn\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e?! A co teprve \u201epravoslavn\u00e9“ p\u0159evorstv\u00ed?<\/p>\n

Stalo se opravdovou ironi\u00ed osudu, \u017ee skrz naskrz prohnil\u00e1 elita provokovala intenz\u00edvn\u00ed politick\u00e9 hem\u017een\u00ed, stejn\u011b tak cynick\u00e9 jako slep\u00e9. Velmo\u017e\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed toho v \u017eivot\u011b u\u017e mnoho vid\u011bli, vychytral\u00fdm diplomat\u016fm, ba ani prohnan\u00fdm obchodn\u00edk\u016fm jaksi ani na mysl nep\u0159i\u0161lo, \u017ee mocn\u00ed tohoto sv\u011bta se mohou tak\u00e9 zab\u00fdvat hloupostmi a p\u0159itom lovit v kaln\u00fdch vod\u00e1ch. \u201eKlou\u017eeme po okraji str\u017ee, a jako k\u00e1men do n\u00ed padneme…\u201c<\/p>\n

G. R. D\u011br\u017eavin, kter\u00fd p\u0159esn\u011b vyc\u00edtil atmosf\u00e9ru neklidn\u00e9ho \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed na osudov\u00fd okam\u017eik, reagoval vskutku p\u0159esn\u011b. Byl mimochodem osobn\u011b p\u0159\u00edtomen malt\u00e9zsk\u00e9 \u201ekorunovaci“ a tak\u00e9 o n\u00ed zver\u0161oval a k noh\u00e1m sv\u00e9ho panovn\u00edka slo\u017eil n\u00e1le\u017eitou \u00f3du.<\/p>\n

Ovzdu\u0161\u00ed metropole vydechovalo hysterii. Spolu se slavnostn\u00ed m\u0161\u00ed, s mu\u0161ket\u00fdrsk\u00fdmi od\u011bvy a palad\u00fdny vznikalo magick\u00e9 fluidum.<\/p>\n

Na zaml\u017een\u00fdch palouc\u00edch parku aristokraticky zjemn\u011bl\u00e9ho Pavlovska se pojednou rozho\u0159elo dev\u011bt malt\u00e9zsk\u00fdch hranic. K nazelenal\u00e9 klenb\u011b oblohy vzl\u00e9taly zlatav\u00e9 jiskry. Prad\u00e1vn\u00e9 \u010darod\u011bjnictv\u00ed sta\u0159i\u010dk\u00e9 Evropy pr\u00e1v\u011b vtrhlo do nedoz\u00edrn\u00fdch prostor svatoj\u00e1nsk\u00e9 noci.<\/p>\n

Car Pavel, jemu\u017e zb\u00fdvaly pouh\u00e9 dva roky \u017eivota, jako by u\u017e tehdy tu\u0161il smrt\u00edc\u00ed spiknut\u00ed, propadl slep\u00e9 v\u00ed\u0159e, \u017ee jej ritu\u00e1ln\u00ed plameny uchr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ed zradou a nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdmi z\u00e1m\u011bry. Slep\u011b a v\u0161\u00ed silou z\u00e1pasil s duchy, ani\u017e by rozli\u0161oval mezi oddanost\u00ed a zradou, a v\u011b\u0159il, doufal v ohn\u011b, na nich\u017e k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci spalovali sv\u00e9 zkrvaven\u00e9 obvazy.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed t\u0159eba, abychom se tu podrobn\u011bji zab\u00fdvali posledn\u00edmi lety Pavlova \u017eivota. Po jeho smrti ztratila existence \u0159\u00e1du na \u00fazem\u00ed Ruska jakoukoli perspektivu. Car Alexandr I. kategoricky odm\u00edtl ve\u0161ker\u00e9 pocty velmistra malt\u00e9zsk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du a ponechal si pouze titul protektora. V roce 1817 byl \u0159\u00e1d na cel\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed Ruska zru\u0161en a brzy nato ztratili \u0159\u00e1dov\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159i podporu i v n\u011bmeck\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. V roce 1834 p\u0159es\u00eddlila kapitula do \u0158\u00edma a od t\u011bch dob je tak\u00e9 osud \u0159\u00e1du \u00fazce spjat s Vatik\u00e1nem. \u010cas od \u010dasu se d\u00edky \u00fasil\u00ed krajn\u00ed reakce, k n\u00ed\u017e pat\u0159il bezesporu i rakousk\u00fd kancl\u00e9\u0159 Metternich nebo prusk\u00fd kr\u00e1l Bed\u0159ich Vil\u00e9m IV. poda\u0159ilo nakr\u00e1tko jednotliv\u00e1 p\u0159evorstv\u00ed probudit k nov\u00e9mu \u017eivotu, celkov\u011b v\u0161ak nastaly \u0159\u00e1dov\u00fdm brat\u0159\u00edm kru\u0161n\u00e9 \u010dasy.<\/p>\n

Dokonce ani velmist\u0159i u\u017e nebyli voleni. A\u017e v roce 1871 byl tento titul ud\u011blen mark\u00fdzi Santa-Croce.
\n\u0158\u00e1d, kter\u00fd v sob\u011b spojuje protikladn\u00e9 rysy, om\u0161elou ideologii a pru\u017enost forem jej\u00edho \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed, nezaznamen\u00e1v\u00e1 ve sv\u00e9m po\u010d\u00edn\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bchy. Nen\u00ed ostatn\u011b vylou\u010deno, \u017ee jen vy\u010dk\u00e1v\u00e1, a\u017e nastane p\u0159\u00edhodn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed chv\u00edle.<\/p>\n

Archiv ZaZ<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Osudy Johanit\u016f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":762,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[53,41,24,27,33],"class_list":["post-4490","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-amerika","tag-archeologie","tag-evropa","tag-kritika","tag-podvod"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4490","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4490"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4490\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4491,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4490\/revisions\/4491"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/762"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4490"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4490"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4490"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}