{"id":4488,"date":"2025-12-21T00:49:23","date_gmt":"2025-12-20T23:49:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4488"},"modified":"2025-12-02T01:54:20","modified_gmt":"2025-12-02T00:54:20","slug":"historie-rytirskych-radu-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2025\/12\/21\/historie-rytirskych-radu-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Historie ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch \u0159\u00e1d\u016f (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Spole\u010dn\u00e9 ko\u0159eny<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e do Svat\u00e9 zem\u011b, o n\u00ed\u017e k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ci p\u0159ipravili jinov\u011brce, zam\u00ed\u0159ily davy poutn\u00edk\u016f, stanuli dobyvatel\u00e9 tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 p\u0159et\u011b\u017ek\u00e9mu \u00fakolu. Vy\u010derpan\u00ed, \u00fanavou i neduhy zcela zmo\u017een\u00ed poutn\u00edci hynuli p\u0159ed branami svatyn\u00ed, o nich\u017e na sv\u00e9 cest\u011b do Palestiny tolik snili. Aby bylo jejich str\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed alespo\u0148 z\u010d\u00e1sti zm\u00edrn\u011bno, zalo\u017eilo pro n\u011b n\u011bkolik francouzsk\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f v roce 1113 \u00fatulek.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00fd byl tedy po\u010d\u00e1tek n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 kongregace, jej\u00ed\u017e \u010dlenov\u00e9 zasv\u011btili sv\u016fj \u017eivot p\u00e9\u010di o zb\u00edda\u010del\u00e9, chor\u00e9 a bezmocn\u00e9 a sami nav\u00edc vykonali slib skromnosti a chudoby. Od\u011bni v tmav\u00e9m \u0161atu z hrub\u00e9 vlny, du\u0161i udr\u017euj\u00edc\u00ed v t\u011ble jen chlebem a vodou, vyslali do cel\u00e9ho k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9ho sv\u011bta sv\u00e9 v\u00fdb\u011br\u010d\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed shroma\u017e\u010fovali milodary pro \u00fatulek nemocn\u00fdch. Ozna\u010dovali se b\u00edl\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem, kter\u00fd brat\u0159\u00edm odk\u00e1zal zakladatel \u0159\u00e1du, ryt\u00ed\u0159 Gerhard.<\/p>\n

Tak to alespo\u0148 prav\u00ed legenda o \u00fatulku pro poutn\u00edky jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9ho lazaretu, tedy lazaretu sv. Jana. O nemocnici, kter\u00e1 poskytovala st\u0159echu a klid dv\u011bma tis\u00edc\u016fm nemocn\u00fdch, se tehdy vypr\u00e1v\u011blo po cel\u00e9m Orientu. Nav\u0161t\u00edvil pr\u00fd ji tajn\u011b v p\u0159estrojen\u00ed za \u017eebr\u00e1ka i s\u00e1m sult\u00e1n Saladin, kter\u00fd cht\u011bl tento pal\u00e1c milosrdenstv\u00ed spat\u0159it na vlastn\u00ed o\u010di.<\/p>\n

Tato idylick\u00e1 podoba nem\u011bla v\u0161ak p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 dlouh\u00e9ho trv\u00e1n\u00ed. Hospitalit\u00e9 se z\u00e1hy vr\u00e1tili ke sv\u00fdm ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdm kratochv\u00edl\u00edm a o chor\u00e9 museli pe\u010dovat k tomu \u00fa\u010delu najat\u00ed \u0159eholn\u00ed sluhov\u00e9. P\u016fvodn\u00ed asketick\u00fd h\u00e1v vyst\u0159\u00eddal \u010dern\u00fd od\u011bv hodn\u00fd prav\u00e9 \u0161lechty a rud\u00fd pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165. Provizor, p\u016fvodn\u00ed u\u010ditel komunity, se za\u010dal naz\u00fdval magistrem a po roce 1267 velmistrem. \u0158\u00e1d zalo\u017een\u00fd francouzsk\u00fdmi ryt\u00ed\u0159i se p\u0159i\u010din\u011bn\u00edm magistra Raymunda du Puys stal \u0159\u00e1dem ekumenick\u00fdm stejn\u011b jako sama c\u00edrkev. \u010clenil se do osmi (univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00edslo pro prostorov\u00e9 sm\u011bry) \u201ejazyk\u016f“, p\u0159edstavuj\u00edc\u00edch nejv\u00fdznamn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed st\u00e1ty feud\u00e1ln\u00ed Evropy. N\u00e1zev \u201e\u0161pit\u00e1ln\u00edci sv. Jana“ stejn\u011b jako rud\u00fd pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 s b\u00edle vy\u0161it\u00fdm osmihrann\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem (symbolizuj\u00edc\u00edm \u010distotu a osm ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch ctnost\u00ed) si v\u0161ak ryt\u00ed\u0159i ponechali. \u0158\u00e1dov\u00e1 pe\u010de\u0165 zobrazovala chor\u00e9ho s osmihrann\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem nad hlavou a kahancem u nohou \u201eChud\u00ed, to jsou na\u0161i jedin\u00ed p\u00e1ni!“ prohla\u0161ovali \u0161pit\u00e1ln\u00edci. \u201ePoskytovat pomoc a p\u00e9\u010di chor\u00fdm, to je na\u0161e jedin\u00e1 starost.“<\/p>\n

To v\u0161ak \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00fd v brzk\u00e9 dob\u011b nabyl ryze vojensk\u00e9ho charakteru, nijak nebr\u00e1nilo v krvav\u00fdch v\u00fdpadech proti muslim\u016fm a v \u0161arv\u00e1tk\u00e1ch s jin\u00fdmi k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ky. Za vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pokorou se skr\u00fdvala p\u00fdcha. \u010clenem \u0159\u00e1du se mohl st\u00e1t pouze ryt\u00ed\u0159 nejvzne\u0161en\u011bj\u0161\u00edho rodu, v nejhor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pak kn\u00ed\u017eec\u00ed levobo\u010dek. Nov\u011b p\u0159ijat\u00fd bratr musel do pokladny \u0159\u00e1du slo\u017eit na tu dobu nemalou \u010d\u00e1stku dvou tis\u00edc toursk\u00fdch sous.<\/p>\n

Na v\u0161ech \u00fazem\u00edch dobyt\u00fdch p\u0159i k\u0159\u00ed\u017eov\u00fdch v\u00fdprav\u00e1ch m\u011bli \u0161pit\u00e1ln\u00edci p\u0159ednostn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo k v\u00fdstavb\u011b hrad\u016f a dom\u016f za m\u011bstsk\u00fdmi hradbami. Sv\u00e9 ba\u0161ty budovali v Antiochii i v Tripoli, na b\u0159ehu Tiberiadsk\u00e9ho jezera i na sam\u00fdch hranic\u00edch s Egyptem. Jen Markibsk\u00fd hrad, jeho\u017e stavba byla dokon\u010dena v roce 1186, mohl poskytnout ochranu tis\u00edci bojovn\u00edk\u016fm a jeho z\u00e1soby potravin m\u011bly vysta\u010dit na cel\u00fdch p\u011bt let nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9ho obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed. Sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed hradu byl nejen kostel a obydl\u00ed zbroja\u0159sk\u00fdch mistr\u016f, ale dokonce cel\u00e1 vesnice s p\u016fdou a ovocn\u00fdmi sady.<\/p>\n

\u0158\u00e1d nashrom\u00e1\u017edil nezm\u011brn\u00e9 bohatstv\u00ed a v cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b neexistovalo v\u00e9vodstv\u00ed, v n\u011bm\u017e by nebyly majetky n\u00e1le\u017eej\u00edc\u00ed \u0159\u00e1du johanit\u016f. Ve 13. stolet\u00ed u\u017e ovl\u00e1dali 19 tis\u00edc ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch panstv\u00ed a usedlost\u00ed. Dodnes je mo\u017en\u00e9 na map\u011b Francie objevit celou \u0159adu vesnic a v\u00edsek s n\u00e1zvem Saint-Jean. To v\u0161e jsou b\u00fdval\u00e9 komendy. V\u0161e zaniklo, ale n\u00e1zev \u017eije. \u201eJm\u00e9no – to je znak,“ prav\u00ed moudr\u00e9 latinsk\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edslov\u00ed…<\/p>\n

S d\u011bjinami johanit\u016f \u00fazce souvis\u00ed osud jin\u00e9ho mocn\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00e9 Evropy – \u0159\u00e1du chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f (templ\u00e1\u0159\u016f).<\/p>\n

Kr\u00e1tce p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e se \u0161pit\u00e1ln\u00edci s definitivn\u00ed platnost\u00ed odvr\u00e1tili od dobrovoln\u00fdch slib\u016f milosrdenstv\u00ed, rozhodlo se osm ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f z jejich \u0159ad (op\u011bt d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo osm!) vytvo\u0159it samostatn\u00e9 nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 bratrstvo. Napln\u011bni opovr\u017een\u00edm k vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1ci opatrovn\u00edk\u016f, znovu se chopili zbran\u00ed a u\u010dinili slib chr\u00e1nit poutn\u00edky na cest\u011b do Jeruzal\u00e9ma p\u0159ed n\u00e1jezdy Sarac\u00e9n\u016f. Podle \u0159\u00e1dov\u00fdch z\u00e1pis\u016f k tomu do\u0161lo v roce 1119 a prvn\u00edm velmistrem byl zvolen Hugues de Payens. Spolu s ryt\u00ed\u0159em Godefroyem de Saint-Omer pat\u0159ili k legend\u00e1rn\u00ed osm\u011b zakladatele \u0159\u00e1du, jeho\u017e \u010dlenov\u00e9 se od\u00edvali do b\u00edl\u00fdch pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165\u016f s \u010derven\u00fdm osmihrann\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem. Kr\u00e1l Balduin II. vy\u010dlenil nov\u00e9mu bratrstvu \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9ho vlastn\u00edho pal\u00e1ce na m\u00edst\u011b, kde st\u00e1val jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00fd chr\u00e1m (templ). Odtud poch\u00e1z\u00ed i n\u00e1zev \u0159\u00e1du – chr\u00e1mov\u00ed brat\u0159i nebo tak\u00e9 templ\u00e1\u0159i. Stanovy \u0159\u00e1du \u201echud\u00fdch brat\u0159\u00ed jeruzal\u00e9msk\u00e9ho chr\u00e1mu“ – chudoba tu samoz\u0159ejm\u011b tvo\u0159ila nezbytn\u00fd z\u00e1klad – opakovaly z\u010d\u00e1sti regule cisterci\u00e1k\u016f. Byly vypracov\u00e1ny za aktivn\u00ed \u00fa\u010dasti Bernarda de Clairvaux, kter\u00fd byl pozd\u011bji prohl\u00e1\u0161en za svat\u00e9ho. Otisk jejich prvn\u00ed pe\u010deti neslo vyobrazen\u00ed chr\u00e1mu.<\/p>\n

Netrvalo v\u0161ak dlouho a tuto symboliku \u0159\u00e1du nahradil obraz ryt\u00ed\u0159e a poutn\u00edka, jedouc\u00edch na jednom koni. V roce 1128 byly \u0159\u00e1dov\u00e9 stanovy s kone\u010dnou platnost\u00ed potvrzeny na sn\u011bmu v Troyes pape\u017eem Honoriem II.<\/p>\n

Bude dob\u0159e, uchov\u00e1me-li si tyto podrobnosti v pam\u011bti, nebo\u0165 tu stoj\u00edme u zrodu legendy, je\u017e bude po cel\u00e1 stalet\u00ed dod\u00e1vat \u017eivotn\u00ed energii cel\u00e9 evropsk\u00e9 mystice. \u010cerpat z t\u00e9to studnice budou rosenkruci\u00e1ni, svobodn\u00ed zedn\u00e1\u0159i, ba dokonce i prvn\u00ed satanist\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Navzdory lomu, \u017ee \u0159eholn\u00ed sliby chudoby, poslu\u0161nosti a \u010distoty platily v rovn\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e pro ka\u017ed\u00e9ho \u010dlena t\u00e9to n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 ob\u010diny, stanovy striktn\u011b vymezovaly pr\u00e1va a povinnosti ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f, slou\u017e\u00edc\u00edch i kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Obdr\u017eet n\u011bkterou z \u0159\u00e1dov\u00fdch hodnost\u00ed \u010di dokonce stanout v \u010dele kl\u00e1\u0161tera, kter\u00fd n\u00e1le\u017eel \u0159\u00e1du, mohli pouze ryt\u00ed\u0159i, tedy lid\u00e9 s urozenou krv\u00ed. Pr\u00e1v\u011b z nich se st\u00e1vali velkop\u0159evo\u0159i a komturov\u00e9 (velitel\u00e9 pevnost\u00ed), vl\u00e1dnouc\u00ed provinci\u00edm. Bohat\u00fdm m\u011b\u0161\u0165an\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed se rozhodli ob\u011btovat \u0159\u00e1du sv\u016fj majetek, bylo dovoleno st\u00e1t se zbrojno\u0161i nebo tak\u00e9 spr\u00e1vci; ti se pak zab\u00fdvali finan\u010dn\u00edmi z\u00e1le\u017eitostmi \u0159\u00e1du, starali se o bezpe\u010d\u00ed lod\u00ed s poutn\u00edky. Kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed pak jako v\u017edy plnili v\u0161edn\u00ed povinnosti, je\u017e na n\u011b vlo\u017eil b\u016fh a jeho n\u00e1m\u011bstek na zemi. Velic\u00ed pontifikov\u00e9 projevovali od sam\u00e9ho po\u010d\u00e1tku o pot\u0159eby \u0159\u00e1du \u017eiv\u00fd z\u00e1jem a poskytli templ\u00e1\u0159\u016fm svolen\u00ed k zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed vlastn\u00edch kapli a h\u0159bitov\u016f, ba dokonce k volb\u011b kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed m\u011bli konat bohoslu\u017eby v templ\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch kl\u00e1\u0161terech. A co v\u00edc, pape\u017eskou bulou z roku 1162 byly osoby slou\u017e\u00edc\u00ed \u0159\u00e1du vy\u010dlen\u011bny z pr\u00e1vn\u00ed moci m\u00edstn\u00edch biskup\u016f. Pouze velmistr byl opr\u00e1vn\u011bn rozhodovat o jejich osudech. Z \u0159\u00e1du se tak stala \u201ec\u00edrkev v c\u00edrkvi“, je\u017e byla pod\u0159\u00edzena (ov\u0161em jen do\u010dasn\u011b) pouze pape\u017ei. Z \u00facty k v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm \u00fasp\u011bch\u016fm k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f, z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak i z obavy p\u0159ed jejich rostouc\u00ed moc\u00ed, neskrblila sv\u011btsk\u00e1 ani c\u00edrkevn\u00ed vrchnost na milodarech a v\u00edce ne\u017e \u0161t\u011bdr\u00fdch almu\u017en\u00e1ch. Pod velmistrov\u00fdm \u017eezlem bylo z\u00e1hy jen v Evrop\u011b soust\u0159ed\u011bno v\u00edce ne\u017e 10 tis\u00edc kl\u00e1\u0161ter\u016f, vedle toho v\u0161ak i \u0159\u00e1dov\u00e9 lo\u010fstvo, bankovn\u00ed domy a takov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed zlata, \u017ee si \u0159\u00e1d mohl dovolit nab\u00eddnout za ostrov Kypr poh\u00e1dkovou \u010d\u00e1stku 100 tis\u00edc zlat\u00fdch. Pr\u00e1v\u011b zde bychom m\u011bli hledat rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed neblah\u00e9ho osudu templ\u00e1\u0159\u016f – osudu nanejv\u00fd\u0161 krut\u00e9ho, d\u011bsiv\u00e9ho, ale p\u0159esto romantick\u00e9ho. O tom v\u0161ak pozd\u011bji…<\/p>\n

Zmi\u0148me se nyn\u00ed o dal\u0161\u00edm, nejmlad\u0161\u00edm ze t\u0159\u00ed bratrstev, zalo\u017een\u00e9m po vzoru johanit\u016f. U jeho zrodu (v roce 1198) st\u00e1li tentokr\u00e1t na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b francouzsk\u00fdch templ\u00e1\u0159\u016f a \u0161pit\u00e1ln\u00edk\u016f n\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159i. V dob\u011b k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ck\u00e9ho obl\u00e9h\u00e1n\u00ed pevnosti Akka shrom\u00e1\u017edilo n\u011bkolik ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f sv\u00e9 zran\u011bn\u00e9 spolubojovn\u00edky na po\u0161kozen\u00e9 lodi, kter\u00e1 kotvila v p\u0159\u00edstavi\u0161ti. Kdy\u017e z\u00edskali od n\u011bmeck\u00fdch kn\u00ed\u017eat pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 prost\u0159edky, zalo\u017eili neprodlen\u011b nemocnici, v n\u00ed\u017e se v\u011b\u0159\u00edc\u00ed z N\u011bmecka mohli domluvit ve sv\u00e9 mate\u0159\u0161tin\u011b. Pou\u010deni zku\u0161enostmi \u0161pit\u00e1ln\u00edk\u016f, p\u0159\u00edsahali tito ikl\u00e1daj\u00edc\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159i v b\u00edl\u00fdch pl\u00e1\u0161t\u00edch s \u010dern\u00fdmi k\u0159\u00ed\u017ei, \u017ee budou nejen pe\u010dovat o chor\u00e9, ale tak\u00e9 bojovat proti Sarac\u00e9n\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Osud v\u0161ak rozhodl zcela jinak. N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159i se do Evropy vr\u00e1tili jako prvn\u00ed z k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1k\u016f: zpo\u010d\u00e1tku do Transylv\u00e1nie, posl\u00e9ze k doln\u00edmu toku Visly. Podle smlouvy, uzav\u0159en\u00e9 v roce 1226 mezi polsk\u00fdm kn\u00ed\u017eetem Konr\u00e1dem Mazovsk\u00fdm a velmistrem Hermannem von Salza, z\u00edskal \u0159\u00e1d do dr\u017eby chelmsk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se mu stalo odrazov\u00fdm m\u016fstkem k \u00fatok\u016fm do oblast\u00ed baltsk\u00fdch kmen\u016f Prus\u016f. P\u016fvodn\u00ed n\u00e1zev spole\u010denstv\u00ed \u201eBrat\u0159i n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho domu“ znaj\u00ed dnes u\u017e nemnoz\u00ed, nebo\u0165 ohn\u011bm a me\u010dem byl do str\u00e1nek historie vyryt n\u00e1zev zcela jin\u00fd \u2014 Teutonsk\u00fd \u0159\u00e1d. Pr\u00e1v\u011b od teutonsk\u00fdch komtur\u016f poch\u00e1z\u00ed proslul\u00e9 heslo \u201eDrang nach Osten!\u201c Jako sv\u00e9r\u00e1znou politickou z\u00e1v\u011b\u0165 p\u0159evzaly toto heslo pozd\u011bji cel\u00e9 generace prusk\u00fdch militarist\u016f, je\u017e st\u00e1ly u zrodu Druh\u00e9 i T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e. Duniv\u00fd krok ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f v\u00ed\u0159il prach na cest\u00e1ch v Polsku, Litv\u011b i v \u010cech\u00e1ch. Zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed hlavy s vycen\u011bn\u00fdmi tes\u00e1ky, ocelov\u00e9 zob\u00e1ky a sup\u00ed pa\u0159\u00e1ty jejich p\u0159\u00edlbic a helem m\u00ed\u0159ily k v\u00fdchodu – do les\u016f a pol\u00ed Ruska, dokud nezmizely pod ledov\u00fdmi krami sv\u00edraj\u00edc\u00edmi \u010cudsk\u00e9 jezero.<\/p>\n

Posledn\u00ed velmistr \u0159\u00e1du Gotthard Kettler vym\u011bnil v roce 1561 \u0159\u00e1dov\u00e9 \u017eezlo za korunu kuronsk\u00e9ho v\u00e9vodstv\u00ed, je\u017e bylo mnohem pozd\u011bji p\u0159ipojeno k Rusku. Uplynou v\u0161ak dal\u0161\u00ed des\u00edtky let a proslul\u00fd dobrodruh a mystifik\u00e1tor Cagliostro, kter\u00fd se na sv\u00e9 cest\u011b zastav\u00ed i v Mitav\u011b, \u201evyvol\u00e1 ze z\u00e1hrob\u00ed“ k \u00fadivu v\u0161ech st\u00edn velmistra Gottharda.<\/p>\n

\u201eN\u011bmeck\u00fd d\u016fm“ p\u0159etrval v t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 ji\u017e chim\u00e9rick\u00e9 podob\u011b a\u017e do konce prvn\u00ed sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Pak obnovil svou \u010dinnost v NSR, ov\u0161em u\u017e jako soukrom\u00e9 spole\u010denstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkolik let p\u0159ed bitvou u \u010cudsk\u00e9ho jezera se k Teuton\u016fm p\u0159ipojily zbytky livonsk\u00e9ho \u0159\u00e1du Brat\u0159\u00ed me\u010d\u016f. \u0158\u00e1d rozdrtil odpor poroben\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f, zmocnil se rozlehl\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed mezi \u0159ekami Narvou a Vislou, a vytvo\u0159il tak nov\u00fd, zcela militarizovan\u00fd st\u00e1t, kter\u00fd se stal z\u00e1kladnou pro dobyt\u00ed baltsk\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed.
\nV roce 1309 bylo s\u00eddlo \u0159\u00e1du p\u0159eneseno do Marienburgu. Jeho moc byla ot\u0159esena teprve po bitv\u011b u Gr\u00fcnwaldu v roce 1410, v n\u00ed\u017e proti ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016fm vyrazila spojen\u00e1 vojska polsko-litevsk\u00e1, podporovan\u00e1 slovansk\u00fdmi sousedy. O p\u016fl stolet\u00ed pozd\u011bji pozbyl \u0159\u00e1d toru\u0148sk\u00fdm m\u00edrem l\u00e9no a uvolnil Polsku p\u0159\u00edstup k mo\u0159i. Kapitula p\u0159es\u00eddlila do K\u00f6nigsbergu (nyn\u00ed Kaliningrad), kde do\u0161lo k zavr\u0161en\u00ed historie \u0159\u00e1du. Albrecht von Hohenzollern, posledn\u00ed velmistr \u0159\u00e1du n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f, vyu\u017eil reforma\u010dn\u00edho hnut\u00ed, provedl sekularizaci \u0159\u00e1du a jeho \u00fazem\u00ed prohl\u00e1sil za d\u011bdi\u010dn\u00e9 l\u00e9no. Tak vzniklo Prusk\u00e9 v\u00e9vodstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V roce 1809 byl \u0159\u00e1d zru\u0161en Napoleonem, o \u010dtvrt stolet\u00ed pozd\u011bji byl v\u0161ak op\u011bt restaurov\u00e1n rakousk\u00fdm monarchou a existuje dodnes. Shrom\u00e1\u017edil pod svou z\u00e1stavu \u017ealostn\u00e9 trosky vojensk\u00e9 \u0161lechty a nejaktivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed revan\u0161isty z cel\u00e9 NSR, kte\u0159\u00ed, jak b\u00fdv\u00e1 zvykem, nic nezapomn\u011bli a ni\u010demu se tak\u00e9 nep\u0159iu\u010dili. Takov\u00e9 jsou tedy osudy \u0159\u00e1du n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f.<\/p>\n

V\u0161echny t\u0159i uveden\u00e9 \u0159\u00e1dy vyrostly z jedin\u00e9ho ko\u0159ene.<\/p>\n

To se odrazilo i v podobnosti jejich stanov, hierarchick\u00e9ho uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed \u0159\u00e1dov\u00fdch, zpola vojensk\u00fdch, zpola \u0159eholn\u00edch od\u011bv\u016f, tvo\u0159en\u00fdch pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 brat\u0159i nosili p\u0159es brn\u011bn\u00ed. Znakem johanit\u016f, jak u\u017e bylo \u0159e\u010deno, byl rud\u00fd pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 s b\u00edl\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem, chr\u00e1mov\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159i nosili b\u00edl\u00e9 pl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b s rud\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem a \u0159\u00e1d n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f pou\u017e\u00edval b\u00edl\u00fdch pl\u00e1\u0161\u0165\u016f s \u010dern\u00fdm k\u0159\u00ed\u017eem, z n\u011bho\u017e se b\u011bhem stalet\u00ed vyvinul proslul\u00fd \u201e\u017eelezn\u00fd k\u0159\u00ed\u017e“.<\/p>\n

\u201eOzna\u010d sv\u00e9 pevn\u00e9 brn\u011bn\u00ed znamen\u00edm k\u0159\u00ed\u017ee na hrudi…,\u201c prav\u00ed se v dramatu \u201eR\u016f\u017ee a k\u0159\u00ed\u017e\u201c Alexandra Bloka.
\nKon\u011b i obrn\u011bnci utonuli v ledu \u010cudsk\u00e9ho jezera. P\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 i nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e1 kontinuita byla p\u0159eru\u0161ena, zachovala se v\u0161ak kontinuita my\u0161lenek.<\/p>\n

Z\u016fstaly st\u00edny – n\u00e1zev a znak – a ty za\u010daly po\u010d\u00e1tkem 20. stolet\u00ed op\u011bt \u00fato\u010dit v \u0159\u00e1dech n\u011bmeck\u00e9ho okultismu, od n\u011bho\u017e je u\u017e jen kr\u016f\u010dek k hnut\u00ed SS…<\/p>\n

Na tomto m\u00edst\u011b se rozlou\u010d\u00edme s Teutony, d\u00e1me na \u010das sbohem chr\u00e1mov\u00fdm ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016fm a budeme pokra\u010dovat v sledov\u00e1n\u00ed osud\u016f brat\u0159\u00ed Johanit\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Spole\u010dn\u00e9 ko\u0159eny<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":762,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[41,24,27],"class_list":["post-4488","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-archeologie","tag-evropa","tag-kritika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4488","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4488"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4488\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4489,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4488\/revisions\/4489"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/762"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4488"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4488"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4488"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}