{"id":4477,"date":"2025-12-05T00:27:17","date_gmt":"2025-12-04T23:27:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4477"},"modified":"2026-01-14T13:21:46","modified_gmt":"2026-01-14T12:21:46","slug":"zeus-vytvoril-disk-z-phaistu-pro-turisty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2025\/12\/05\/zeus-vytvoril-disk-z-phaistu-pro-turisty\/","title":{"rendered":"Zeus vytvo\u0159il disk z Phaistu pro turisty"},"content":{"rendered":"

V archeologii existuj\u00ed dva typy n\u00e1lez\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt rozd\u011bleny na objevy stalet\u00ed a z\u00e1hady stalet\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"K prvn\u00edmu typu lze p\u0159i\u010d\u00edst objev hrobky Qin Shi Chuang-di. P\u0159\u00edkladem druh\u00e9ho typu jsou n\u00e1pisy a \u00fa\u010del disku z Phaistu (1). Co je na n\u011bm vyryto a k \u010demu slou\u017eil, je nejasn\u00e9. Tuto z\u00e1hadu se lid\u00e9 sna\u017e\u00ed odhalit u\u017e dlouhou dobu.<\/p>\n

3. \u010dervence 1908 ve\u010der italsk\u00fd archeolog Luigi Pernier (2) nalezl v jedn\u00e9 z hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch budov kr\u00e1lovsk\u00e9ho pal\u00e1ce na ostrov\u011b Kr\u00e9ta u m\u011bsta Phaistos hlin\u011bn\u00fd tajemn\u00fd artefakt, pokryt\u00fd na obou stran\u00e1ch podivn\u00fdmi znaky. Prvn\u00ed dohad vyj\u00e1d\u0159il vedouc\u00ed vykop\u00e1vek, Sir Arthur John Evans. (3)
\nOdkr\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed minojsk\u00e9 civilizace (4) za\u010dalo okam\u017eikem, kdy mlad\u00fd Evans uvid\u011bl v muze\u00edch n\u011bkolik pe\u010det\u00ed z Kr\u00e9ty a s\u00e1m pak vyrazil prozkoumat ostrov.<\/p>\n

Archeologovi s v\u00edce ne\u017e 30 l\u00e9ty zku\u0161enost\u00ed, kter\u00fd polo\u017eil z\u00e1klady periodizace kr\u00e9tsk\u00e9 kultury doby bronzov\u00e9 a systemizoval mnoho r\u016fzn\u00fdch artefakt\u016f a starov\u011bk\u00e9 p\u00edsemnosti ostrova, disk p\u0159ipomn\u011bl \u010delenku s pe\u0159\u00edm. V\u011bdci se zd\u00e1lo, \u017ee je p\u0159ed n\u00edm sou\u010d\u00e1st bojov\u00e9 helmy, a navrhl, \u017ee text obsahuje v\u00edt\u011bznou hymnu, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b kultovn\u00edho charakteru.<\/p>\n

\"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

Objevitel minojsk\u00e9 kultury (2800-1100 p\u0159.n.l.), pojmenovan\u00e9 na po\u010dest legend\u00e1rn\u00edho vl\u00e1dce M\u00ednoa, se m\u00fdlil. Evansov\u00fdm koleg\u016fm se po\u0161t\u011bstilo naj\u00edt podobnou \u010delenku na star\u00fdch egyptsk\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00edch Fili\u0161t\u00ednc\u016f, ale k rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed \u00fa\u010delu disku to nepomohlo. Pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s Fili\u0161t\u00ednci se uk\u00e1zalo nep\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u00e9 z n\u011bkolika d\u016fvod\u016f.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1pis na disku byl zhotoven tradi\u010dn\u00edm zp\u016fsobem, jak bylo obvykl\u00e9 p\u0159i v\u00fdrob\u011b hlin\u011bn\u00fdch tabulek: do vlhk\u00e9 hl\u00edny byl vyryt n\u00e1pis, a deska pak byla vyp\u00e1lena v keramick\u00e9 peci.<\/p>\n

Jedine\u010dnost disku z Phaistu je v tom, \u017ee je to nejstar\u0161\u00ed text, vytvo\u0159en\u00fd s pomoc\u00ed hotov\u00e9ho souboru „p\u00edsmen“, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak v dan\u00e9 kulturn\u00ed oblasti nejsou k dispozici. Nejprve v\u011bdci poukazovali na to, \u017ee druh hl\u00edny, ze kter\u00e9ho je vyroben disk, nepoch\u00e1z\u00ed z Kr\u00e9ty. L. Pernier v\u0161ak na\u0161el tento materi\u00e1l i v tzv. vej\u010dit\u00fdch m\u00eds\u00e1ch z pal\u00e1ce v Knossos. Pozd\u011bji se v\u0161ak tomuto probl\u00e9mu p\u0159estala v\u011bnovat n\u00e1le\u017eit\u00e1 pozornost.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1pis na disku z Phaistosu se nepodob\u00e1 \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm kr\u00e9tsk\u00fdm hieroglyf\u016fm, ani line\u00e1rn\u00edmu p\u00edsmu. Je to unik\u00e1tn\u00ed druh p\u00edsma.<\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b jsou dob\u0159e prozkoum\u00e1ny pouze \u010dty\u0159i typy starov\u011bk\u00e9ho p\u00edsma: sumersk\u00e9, chetitsk\u00e9, egyptsk\u00e9 a \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9. V prvn\u00edch t\u0159ech bylo pou\u017eito sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00e9 slovn\u011b-slabi\u010dn\u00e9 psan\u00ed, na rozd\u00edl od \u010dist\u011b logografick\u00e9ho \u010d\u00ednsk\u00e9ho psac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu, ve kter\u00e9m znak je v\u017edy slabika, nesouc\u00ed v\u00fdznam.
\nNevy\u0159e\u0161en\u00e9 z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed hieroglyfy Kr\u00e9ty, Elamu, Hindust\u00e1nu, Nov\u00e9ho Sv\u011bta (s v\u00fdjimkou velmi mal\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti maysk\u00fdch a azt\u00e9ck\u00fdch symbol\u016f, t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 jsou nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed) a p\u00edsmo Velikono\u010dn\u00edho ostrova.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

M\u00e1lo prozkouman\u00e9 jsou africk\u00e9 hieroglyfy. Podobnost mezi egyptsk\u00fdmi a chetitsk\u00fdmi znaky je mal\u00e1 – z mnoha stovek je pouze n\u011bkolik stejn\u00fdch znak\u016f. Chetitsk\u00e9 hieroglyfy se podobaj\u00ed kr\u00e9tsk\u00fdm, ale podobnost m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt n\u00e1hodn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Ne\u00fasp\u011bch p\u0159i de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed slou\u017eil jako \u017eivn\u00e1 p\u016fda pro zcela fantastick\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy o disku z Phaistu.<\/p>\n

Rusk\u00fd badatel V. M. Michajlov nap\u0159\u00edklad na\u0161el na disku souhv\u011bzd\u00ed Lva, B\u00fdka, Hadono\u0161e, Cefea, Cassiopei, Velk\u00e9 Medv\u011bdice, Kozoroha a dal\u0161\u00ed. Pak opustil svou hypot\u00e9zu, podle kter\u00e9 byl disk z Phaistu \u2013 pom\u016fcka pro n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed navig\u00e1tory.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ale objevila se verze, zalo\u017een\u00e1 na z\u00e1klad\u011b podobnosti disku z Phaistu s olov\u011bn\u00fdm tal\u00ed\u0159em z italsk\u00e9ho Magliano. (5) Spir\u00e1lov\u00fd n\u00e1pis je na n\u011bm naps\u00e1n v dosud nede\u0161ifrovan\u00e9m jazyce Etrusk\u016f, a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b poch\u00e1z\u00ed z VI. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, a obsahuje 70 slov (pokud p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me, \u017ee v ka\u017ed\u00e9 bu\u0148ce je slovo). Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, disk Phaistosu m\u00e1 61 slov. P\u0159i vytvo\u0159en\u00ed disku byli Kr\u00e9\u0165an\u00e9 vl\u00e1dci mo\u0159\u00ed, a Etruskov\u00e9 byli zase nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed pir\u00e1ti.<\/p>\n

Podle A. Varakina a V. Batsaleva, byl disk Phaistu „ob\u011btn\u00ed deska mo\u0159sk\u00e9mu bohu.“<\/em> Ve prosp\u011bch t\u00e9to verze hovo\u0159\u00ed \u201eraz\u00edtkovit\u00fd\u201c charakter textu (pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pom\u016fcka pro negramotn\u00e9), a spir\u00e1lovit\u00fd typ n\u00e1pisu, tvrd\u00ed auto\u0159i ve sv\u00e9 knize „Tajemstv\u00ed velk\u00fdch vykop\u00e1vek“.<\/em> (6) Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee je deska z hl\u00edny, tak\u00e9 nen\u00ed p\u0159ekvapuj\u00edc\u00ed: v starov\u011bku, pokud nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ob\u011btovat Bohu, \u0159ekn\u011bme, b\u00fdka, vytvo\u0159ila se jeho n\u00e1hra\u017eka z hl\u00edny. Pokud se v\u016fbec na n\u011bco nedost\u00e1valo pen\u011bz, pou\u017eila se hl\u00edna.<\/p>\n

Badatel\u00e9 pova\u017euj\u00ed disk z Phaistu za „\u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd modlitebn\u00ed text vl\u00e1dce labyrintu.“ „Pokud je tento text skute\u010dn\u011b \u0161ifrovan\u00fd kryptogram – to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee na Kr\u00e9t\u011b byla v t\u00e9 dob\u011b kasta zasv\u011bcen\u00fdch kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00fdm bylo povoleno pou\u017e\u00edvat Bo\u017e\u00ed jm\u00e9no,\u201c<\/em> \u2013 pokra\u010duj\u00ed tito auto\u0159i. \u2013 \u201eMajitelem labyrintu mohl b\u00fdt jen Zeus (samo slovo „labyrint“ poch\u00e1z\u00ed z „labris“ – dvouse\u010dn\u00e9 sekery, posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 zbran\u011b Dia).“<\/em><\/p>\n

Je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee ve snaze spojit myk\u00e9nskou kulturu s labyrintem se auto\u0159i pon\u011bkud p\u0159epo\u010d\u00edtali. Zn\u00e1m\u00fd odborn\u00edk na labyrinty Hermann Kern ve sv\u00e9 studii „Labyrint sv\u011bta“ (7), napsal: „I p\u0159es \u010detn\u00e9 pokusy naj\u00edt p\u016fvod slova „labyrint“, jeho etymologie dodnes z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejasn\u00e1. Nej\u010dast\u011bji se uv\u00e1d\u00ed podobnost \u201elabyrintos\u201c = d\u016fm dvojit\u00e9 sekery (labrys) = Pal\u00e1c Knossos na Kr\u00e9t\u011b“- ale je zde cel\u00e1 \u0159ada d\u016fvod\u016f, kter\u00e9 ukazuj\u00ed na nesoulad tohoto spojen\u00ed.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Podle Plutarcha, slovo labrys se nal\u00e9z\u00e1 v l\u00fddsk\u00e9m (nebo karijsk\u00e9m, tak jako tak v\u00fdchodn\u00edm, jazyce) (8) a p\u0159edstavuje dvouse\u010dnou sekeru, \u0159eck\u00fd n\u00e1zev je pelekys, kr\u00e9tsk\u00fd – wao. Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fkaz, \u017ee by staro\u0159eck\u00e9 slovo labrys existovalo na Kr\u00e9t\u011b. Nav\u00edc, nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, pro\u010d by myk\u00e9n\u0161t\u00ed \u0158ekov\u00e9 zvolili slova pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 v Mal\u00e9 Asii, k ozna\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u011bc\u00ed, souvisej\u00edc\u00edch pouze s minojskou kulturou, jejich\u017e pojmenov\u00e1n\u00ed ji\u017e existovalo na Kr\u00e9t\u011b a v samotn\u00e9m myk\u00e9nsk\u00e9m \u0158ecku.“<\/p>\n

Kern je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den, \u017ee sir Evans „do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry p\u0159ecenil hodnotu kultovn\u00edho objektu“<\/em> a souhlas\u00ed s n\u00e1zorem H.G. Rose, kter\u00fd spr\u00e1vn\u011b uvedl v roce 1901, \u017ee dvouse\u010dn\u00e1 sekera, je \u00fapln\u011b oby\u010dejn\u00e1 v\u011bc, a mluvit o „kultu dvouse\u010dn\u00e9 sekery“<\/em> nebo o jej\u00ed posv\u00e1tn\u00e9 povaze znamen\u00e1 zbo\u017etit ostatn\u00ed atributy boh\u016f, jako t\u0159eba trojzubec Neptuna, Apoll\u00f3novu lyru nebo \u0161t\u00edt a kop\u00ed Ath\u00e9ny. Krom\u011b toho, „P\u00e1nem labyrintu“<\/em> mohla b\u00fdt i bohyn\u011b, a ne nutn\u011b Zeus.<\/p>\n

N\u011bmeck\u00fd architekt a archeolog Hermann Wenzel, je p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den o tom, \u017ee ob\u011b strany disku z Phaistu „p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed v podstat\u011b p\u0159edch\u016fdce elektronick\u00fdch knih se stovkami str\u00e1nek.“<\/em> Podle dal\u0161\u00edch badatel\u016f byl disk pou\u017eit pro astronomick\u00e1 pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed nebo n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed navigaci.<\/p>\n

Jak je vid\u011bt, kolik badatel\u016f, tolik verz\u00ed. Jistotu m\u016f\u017eeme m\u00edt jen ve dvou v\u011bcech: Disk z Phaistu je dobr\u00fd suven\u00fdr pro turisty a je to skv\u011bl\u00fd hlavolam pro kryptografy.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Disc_of_Phaistos<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luigi_Pernier<\/a> <\/em>
\n(3) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthur_Evans<\/a> <\/em>
\n(4) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/M%C3%ADnojsk%C3%A1_civilizace<\/a> <\/em>
\n(5) http:\/\/dante.bdp.it\/park\/percorsi\/percorso9\/alfabeto.htm<\/a> <\/em>
\n(6) \u0411\u0430\u0446\u0430\u043b\u0435\u0432 \u0412.\u0412., \u0412\u0430\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043d \u0410.\u0421.: \u0422\u0430\u0439\u043d\u044b \u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043a. 2006, 320 s. <\/em>
\n(7) Kern, H.: Through the Labyrinth: Designs and Meanings Over 5,000 Years (Art & Design), 2000<\/em>
\n(8) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%C3%BDdie<\/a> <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V archeologii existuj\u00ed dva typy n\u00e1lez\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohou b\u00fdt rozd\u011bleny na objevy stalet\u00ed a z\u00e1hady stalet\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4674,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[41,24,47],"class_list":["post-4477","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-archeologie","tag-evropa","tag-pismo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4477","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4477"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4477\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4484,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4477\/revisions\/4484"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4674"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4477"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4477"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4477"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}