{"id":4427,"date":"2025-06-07T00:46:32","date_gmt":"2025-06-06T22:46:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4427"},"modified":"2025-11-26T20:50:47","modified_gmt":"2025-11-26T19:50:47","slug":"pravda-ve-svete-zahad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2025\/06\/07\/pravda-ve-svete-zahad\/","title":{"rendered":"Pravda ve sv\u011bt\u011b z\u00e1had"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pole pleveln\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n

Povaha sv\u011bta z\u00e1had, i povaha lidsk\u00e1, je takov\u00e9ho druhu, a s t\u00edm se mus\u00edme sm\u00ed\u0159it, \u017ee ono fascinuj\u00edc\u00ed pole z\u00e1had se hem\u017e\u00ed nejen \u0159adou naivn\u00edch omyl\u016f, ale je bohu\u017eel prorostl\u00e9 i plevelem polopravd, mystifikac\u00ed, ba p\u0159\u00edmo \u00fa\u010delov\u00fdch l\u017e\u00ed. Jejich motivy jsou dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00e9:<\/p>\n

Jednak oby\u010dejn\u00e1 a v\u011b\u010dn\u00e1 lidsk\u00e1 hloupost, d\u00e1le stejn\u011b tak v\u011b\u010dn\u00e1 touha po lacin\u00e9 popularit\u011b a po byznysu za ka\u017edou cenu.<\/p>\n

Jako ryba ve vod\u011b se zde pak c\u00edt\u00ed nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mystifik\u00e1to\u0159i, nev\u00e1haj\u00edc\u00ed stav\u011bt na upraven\u00fdch \u010di zkreslen\u00fdch informac\u00edch, jakoby podle typick\u00e9ho vzoru, p\u0159evzat\u00e9ho z kurz\u016f pro zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b vype\u010den\u00e9 poji\u0161\u0165ovac\u00ed nebo obchodn\u00ed z\u00e1stupce:<\/p>\n

\u201cZ\u00e1kazn\u00edkovi \u0159\u00edk\u00e1me z\u00e1sadn\u011b v\u017edy pravdu. Ov\u0161em, nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt cel\u00e1.\u201c<\/em><\/p>\n

Je\u0161t\u011b hor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpadem v\u0161ak je, je-li cel\u00e1 z\u00e1hada prost\u011b vymy\u0161lena, tedy vylh\u00e1na. Bohu\u017eel, d\u011bjiny z\u00e1had nejsou ani na takov\u00e9to p\u0159\u00edpady nikterak skoup\u00e9, jak ostatn\u011b dokl\u00e1d\u00e1me na n\u011bkolika dal\u0161\u00edch m\u00edstech na\u0161ich str\u00e1nek.<\/p>\n

Skepse a kriti\u010dnost<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tradi\u010dn\u00ed postoj skeptik\u016f je za takov\u00e9 situace docela pochopiteln\u00fd. Ba co v\u00edc, nelze se divit ani tomu, \u017ee jejich nervy jsou t\u00edmto stavem vybi\u010dov\u00e1ny a\u017e k prasknut\u00ed, a d\u0159\u00edve \u010di pozd\u011bji je p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed do on\u00e9 typicky \u010desk\u00e9 militantn\u00ed polohy skepse, nadupan\u00e9 aroganc\u00ed a pocity st\u00e1totvornosti.<\/p>\n

Na druhou stranu je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee bez kritick\u00e9ho postoje ke v\u0161em dostupn\u00fdm informac\u00edm se nelze dopracovat alespo\u0148 p\u0159ijateln\u00e9 v\u011brohodnosti a jejich seri\u00f3zn\u00ed interpretace.<\/p>\n

Jak ale na to? Jak odd\u011blit ono p\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9 zrno od plev? Jak rozeznat pravdu od nesmyslu nebo l\u017ei?<\/p>\n

Ur\u010dit\u011b t\u011b\u017eko. Jistoty zde prakticky neexistuj\u00ed. Co v\u0161ak existuje, jsou n\u00e1stroje. N\u00e1stroje pravdy, st\u0159\u00edzliv\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno, prost\u011b n\u011bkolik u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fdch z\u00e1sad k tomu, jak nakl\u00e1dat s nezn\u00e1m\u00fdmi \u010di p\u0159ekvapiv\u00fdmi fakty. Ji\u017e po stalet\u00ed n\u00e1m je nab\u00edzej\u00ed p\u00e1nov\u00e9 Occam, Pareto a Jung:<\/p>\n

Occamova b\u0159itva<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee z\u00e1sada prvn\u00ed, a dokonce p\u011bkn\u011b ostr\u00e1, tedy tzv. Occamova b\u0159itva:<\/p>\n

Autorstv\u00ed tohoto filosofick\u00e9ho \u010di logick\u00e9ho principu je p\u0159ipisov\u00e1no anglick\u00e9mu franti\u0161k\u00e1nsk\u00e9mu filosofovi, Williamovi z Occamu<\/em> (1287-1347; Occam<\/em> je z\u00e1pis pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b ji\u017e polatin\u0161t\u011bl\u00fd, v men\u0161\u00ed m\u00ed\u0159e se lze toti\u017e setkat i se z\u0159ejm\u011b p\u016fvodn\u00ed anglickou formou \u2013 Ockham).<\/em><\/p>\n

Pomoc\u00ed sv\u00e9ho metodick\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroje prosazoval mnich Occam z\u00e1sadu maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00faspornosti v logice. P\u016fvodn\u00ed Occamova formulace prod\u011blala s dal\u0161\u00edm rozvojem v\u011bdy ur\u010dit\u00fd v\u00fdvoj, nicm\u00e9n\u011b pro na\u0161e pot\u0159eby si jej\u00ed smysl m\u016f\u017eeme p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit asi takto:<\/p>\n

Mno\u017estv\u00ed argument\u016f, d\u016fvod\u016f, p\u0159\u00ed\u010din, souvislost\u00ed apod., hledan\u00fdch pro vysv\u011btlen\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9ho jevu, m\u00e1 b\u00fdt co nej\u00fasporn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nem\u00e1 b\u00fdt d\u00e1le roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1no, pokud to nen\u00ed nezbytn\u011b nutn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Co\u017e lze modifikovat i tak, \u017ee:<\/p>\n

Pokud pro n\u011bjak\u00fd jev existuje v\u00edcero vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, je l\u00e9pe up\u0159ednost\u0148ovat to nejm\u00e9n\u011b komplikovan\u00e9.<\/p>\n

To ov\u0161em zahrnuje i jeden speci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad, ve sv\u011bt\u011b z\u00e1had p\u0159\u00edmo pleveln\u011b buj\u00edc\u00ed. V\u0161e objasn\u00ed n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed formulace:<\/p>\n

Vysv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1hadn\u00e9ho jevu pomoc\u00ed jin\u00e9ho z\u00e1hadn\u00e9ho jevu nevysv\u011btluje vlastn\u011b nic.<\/p>\n

P\u0159\u00edkladem n\u00e1m mohou b\u00fdt nes\u010detn\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy \u201cvysv\u011btluj\u00edc\u00ed\u201c t\u0159eba jev SHC na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u2013 nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 energie, nezn\u00e1m\u00fdch vnitrobun\u011b\u010dn\u00fdch proces\u016f, nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho z\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed, nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho mechanismu rozkladu t\u011blesn\u00e9 vody na vysoce v\u00fdh\u0159evnou sm\u011bs kysl\u00edku a vod\u00edku (a\u010dkoliv logick\u00fd a spont\u00e1nn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed pochod by byl sm\u011bru pr\u00e1v\u011b opa\u010dn\u00e9ho) atd., atd.<\/p>\n

Ve skute\u010dnosti nelze t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem vysv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed postoupit ani o krok.<\/p>\n

Paretovo pravidlo<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z\u00e1sada druh\u00e1, zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako tzv. Paretovo pravidlo, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u011b od italsk\u00e9ho ekonoma a filosofa Vilfreda Pareta (1848-1923):<\/p>\n

Ten si toti\u017e pov\u0161iml, \u017ee v p\u0159irozen\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdch spole\u010denstv\u00edch b\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina majetku (zpravidla kolem 80 %) vlastn\u011bna mal\u00fdm po\u010dtem vlastn\u00edk\u016f (zpravidla kolem 20 %). \u010cil\u00ed a \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00ed podnikatel\u00e9 jsou v souladu s Paretov\u00fdm pravidlem zase p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010deni, \u017ee v pracovn\u00edm kolektivu je 80 % ve\u0161ker\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce produkov\u00e1no dvaceti procenty nejv\u00fdkonn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch zam\u011bstnanc\u016f. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b bychom dok\u00e1zali naj\u00edt i dal\u0161\u00ed podobn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady.<\/p>\n

Jin\u00fdm, nem\u00e9n\u011b \u010dipern\u00fdm myslitel\u016fm, se toto pravidlo natolik zal\u00edbilo, \u017ee se pokusili jej zobecnit. Asi n\u011bjak takto:<\/p>\n

V re\u00e1ln\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b je rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed m\u00edra (p\u0159\u00edp. vlastnost) celku, slo\u017een\u00e9ho z prvk\u016f, ur\u010dov\u00e1na pouze nevelk\u00fdm po\u010dtem t\u011bchto prvk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Jak by to tedy vypadalo v na\u0161em sv\u011bt\u011b z\u00e1had? Snad n\u011bjak takto:<\/p>\n

Pouze nevelk\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st (kolik \u2013 mo\u017en\u00e1 10-20 % ?) ve\u0161ker\u00fdch z\u00edskan\u00fdch informac\u00ed se vztahuje k vlastn\u00ed podstat\u011b z\u00e1hady. To ostatn\u00ed je zpravidla balast, bezcenn\u00fd nebo dokonce matouc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na\u0161\u00edm z\u00e1sadn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem ov\u0161em je, \u017ee on\u011bch 10-20 % t\u011bch \u201cspr\u00e1vn\u00fdch\u201c informac\u00ed nedok\u00e1\u017eeme v z\u00e1plav\u011b balastu v\u011bt\u0161inou nijak identifikovat.<\/p>\n

Jung o lidsk\u00e9m vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kone\u010dn\u011b z\u00e1sada t\u0159et\u00ed n\u00e1m p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1, \u017ee:<\/p>\n

Lidsk\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed je nespolehliv\u00e9, zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b za neobvykl\u00fdch situac\u00ed.<\/em><\/p>\n

Lidsk\u00e1 psychika funguje toti\u017e tak, \u017ee ve vypjat\u00fdch situac\u00edch, jak\u00fdmi zpravidla setk\u00e1n\u00ed se z\u00e1hadn\u00fdm jevem b\u00fdv\u00e1, vn\u00edm\u00e1me nikoliv nutn\u011b realitu, ale to, co bychom od reality vnit\u0159n\u011b o\u010dek\u00e1vali, p\u0159\u00e1li si, k \u010demu m\u00e1me n\u011bjak\u00e9 sklony. M\u00e1me tendenci vn\u00edmat realitu zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd odpov\u00edd\u00e1 na\u0161im n\u00e1zor\u016fm, na\u0161emu p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed (ale i obav\u00e1m), zp\u016fsobem, kter\u00fd slibuje \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed na\u0161ich vnit\u0159n\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f \u2026<\/p>\n

Touto z\u00e1le\u017eitost\u00ed, tedy selh\u00e1n\u00edm lidsk\u00e9 psychiky p\u0159i vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed nezvykl\u00fdch jev\u016f, se d\u016fkladn\u011b zab\u00fdval slavn\u00fd \u0161v\u00fdcarsk\u00fd psycholog Carl Gustav Jung (1865-1961) a po n\u011bm i n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed, ani\u017e by ov\u0161em do\u0161li k v\u00fdsledk\u016fm z\u00e1sadn\u011b odli\u0161n\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

Jako p\u0159\u00edklad si uve\u010fme jednu speci\u00e1ln\u00ed oblast\u00ed z\u00e1had, toti\u017e problematiku UFO, o n\u00ed\u017e Jung roku 1958 vydal dokonce celou studii. Podrobn\u011bji p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1me toto t\u00e9ma na jin\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b na\u0161ich str\u00e1nek. Ve sv\u00e9 studii se Jung pokou\u0161\u00ed objasnit, \u017ee v na\u0161\u00ed interpretaci jevu UFO hraj\u00ed v\u00fdznamnou roli prastar\u00e9 a v podstat\u011b nev\u011bdom\u00e9 vzory lidsk\u00fdch p\u0159edstav a pro\u017eitk\u016f, tzv. archetypy. \u010clov\u011bk si je oded\u00e1vna nev\u011bdomky prom\u00edtal do sv\u00fdch m\u00fdt\u016f. Dle Junga p\u0159ech\u00e1z\u00ed dnes tato projekce do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry na UFO, p\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno na l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed tal\u00ed\u0159e a jejich tu\u0161en\u00e9 pasa\u017e\u00e9ry. St\u00e1vaj\u00ed se tak na\u0161\u00edm nov\u00fdm modern\u00edm m\u00fdtem. Nev\u011bdomky od nich o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1me roli d\u00edlem bo\u017eskou a d\u00edlem \u010f\u00e1belskou. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b o jejich skute\u010dn\u00e9 realit\u011b nev\u00edme dnes o nic v\u00edce, ne\u017e v\u011bd\u011bl Jung v roce 1958.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed t\u0159eba desatera<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ano, zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee v\u0161e lze zvl\u00e1dnout pouze s n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edmi t\u0159emi body. P\u0159edstavuj\u00ed extrakt toho, co jsme si o pravd\u011b v oblasti z\u00e1had dosud \u0159ekli. S n\u011bjak\u00fdmi Paretov\u00fdmi procenty \u010di Jungovou teori\u00ed kolektivn\u00edho nev\u011bdom\u00ed si p\u0159itom hlavu l\u00e1mat nemus\u00edme. Zcela posta\u010d\u00ed, kdy\u017e si prost\u011b p\u0159ipomeneme, \u017ee:<\/p>\n

Pokud pro n\u011bjak\u00fd jev existuje v\u00edcero vysv\u011btlen\u00ed, je l\u00e9pe up\u0159ednost\u0148ovat to nejm\u00e9n\u011b komplikovan\u00e9. Vysv\u011btlov\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1hadn\u00e9ho jevu pomoc\u00ed jin\u00e9ho z\u00e1hadn\u00e9ho jevu nevysv\u011btluje vlastn\u011b nic.<\/p>\n

Nevelk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch informac\u00ed je p\u0159ekryto mohutn\u00fdm informa\u010dn\u00edm balastem nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho p\u016fvodu.<\/p>\n

Na\u0161e smyslov\u00e9 vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed je nespolehliv\u00e9, zejm\u00e9na za neobvykl\u00fdch situac\u00ed, jak\u00fdmi zpravidla setk\u00e1n\u00ed se z\u00e1hadn\u00fdm jevem jsou.<\/p>\n

To nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed nakonec<\/strong><\/p>\n

No dobr\u00e1, to jsou v\u0161echno p\u011bkn\u00e9 teorie, ale nebyla po ruce n\u011bjak\u00e1 jednoduch\u00e1 rada, jak prakticky postupovat, dostanou-li se n\u00e1m p\u0159i studiu od nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch autor\u016f \u010di badatel\u016f do rukou informace, nad nimi\u017e mus\u00edme v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b kroutit hlavou, v nejhor\u0161\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b bychom si ji museli bezm\u00e1la ukroutit?<\/p>\n

Ano, mysl\u00edm, \u017ee je to pom\u011brn\u011b jednoduch\u00e9. Na z\u00e1klad\u011b jist\u00fdch zku\u0161enost\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 intuice, si toti\u017e dovoluji usuzovat, \u017ee v\u011brohodnost p\u0159edkl\u00e1dan\u00fdch informac\u00ed, pota\u017emo jejich zdroj\u016f, lze pova\u017eovat za \u00fam\u011brnou m\u00ed\u0159e, v jak\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed:<\/p>\n

citace p\u016fvodn\u00edch pramen\u016f, kter\u00fdmi jsou bu\u010f publikace je\u0161t\u011b star\u0161\u00ed, anebo p\u0159\u00edmo dobov\u00e9 autentick\u00e9 dokumenty, jako novinov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy nebo zpr\u00e1vy \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edch vy\u0161et\u0159ovatel\u016f apod.;
\nmo\u017en\u00e9 alternativn\u00ed varianty ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, tedy mo\u017en\u00e1 \u201coby\u010dejn\u00e1\u201c, \u010di chcete-li skeptick\u00e1 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed zaznamenan\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pro \u201cpravost\u201c studovan\u00e9 z\u00e1hady je pak jenom p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9, zjist\u00edme-li, \u017ee ona oby\u010dejn\u00e1 vysv\u011btlen\u00ed p\u016fsob\u00ed n\u011bkdy sama o sob\u011b natolik p\u0159ekvapiv\u011b bizarn\u011b a nepravd\u011bpodobn\u011b, \u017ee si v tomto sm\u011bru nikterak nezadaj\u00ed se z\u00e1hadou, kterou maj\u00ed \u201cjednodu\u0161e\u201c vysv\u011btlit. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b autor t\u00edm projevil dobrou v\u016fli, d\u00edvat se na v\u011bci objektivn\u011b, a to by m\u011blo b\u00fdt rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1v\u011br si neskromn\u011b dovol\u00edme dodat, \u017ee v\u00fd\u0161e uveden\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup se sna\u017e\u00edme na na\u0161ich str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch dodr\u017eovat i my. Do jak\u00e9 m\u00edry se n\u00e1m to da\u0159\u00ed, to nech\u00e1v\u00e1me na posouzen\u00ed \u010dten\u00e1\u0159\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Tom\u00e1\u0161 Dosoudil, 2007\/3<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Pole pleveln\u00e9<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":194,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[27],"class_list":["post-4427","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zahady","tag-kritika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4427","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4427"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4427\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4428,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4427\/revisions\/4428"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/194"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4427"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4427"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4427"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}