{"id":4357,"date":"2025-12-13T00:41:27","date_gmt":"2025-12-12T23:41:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4357"},"modified":"2025-10-26T02:47:53","modified_gmt":"2025-10-26T00:47:53","slug":"ztracene-vynalezy-minulosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2025\/12\/13\/ztracene-vynalezy-minulosti\/","title":{"rendered":"Ztracen\u00e9 vyn\u00e1lezy minulosti"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>I kdy\u017e se v\u0161eobecn\u011b tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee lidstvo v XXI. stolet\u00ed dos\u00e1hlo mnoha technologick\u00fdch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f, je dost zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch technologi\u00ed minulosti, kter\u00e9 neum\u00edme obnovit a jejich tajemstv\u00ed je pro n\u00e1s nen\u00e1vratn\u011b ztraceno.<\/strong><!--more--><br \/>\n<strong>Tajemstv\u00ed historie: \u0158eck\u00fd ohe\u0148<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Za\u010dn\u011bme od antiky. Odbornice na folkl\u00f3r a historii v\u011bdy na Stanfordsk\u00e9 univerzit\u011b <em>Adrienne Mayor<\/em> (1) ve sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1ci &#8222;\u0158eck\u00fd ohe\u0148, jedovat\u00e9 \u0161\u00edpy a bomby \u0161korpion\u016f: chemick\u00e9 a biologick\u00e9 zbran\u011b antick\u00e9ho sv\u011bta&#8220; (2) popsala n\u011bkter\u00e9 d\u00e1vn\u00e9 zbran\u011b, mezi kter\u00fdmi vynikal tzv. \u201e\u0159eck\u00fd ohe\u0148\u201c.<\/p>\n<p>V VII.-XII. stolet\u00ed n.l. obyvatel\u00e9 Byzance pou\u017e\u00edvali jakousi chemickou l\u00e1tku jako \u00fa\u010dinnou zbra\u0148 p\u0159i n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch bitv\u00e1ch. Tekutinu z\u00e1hadn\u00e9ho slo\u017een\u00ed st\u0159\u00edkali na nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 voj\u00e1ky a ti se st\u00e1vali ho\u0159\u00edc\u00edmi pochodn\u011bmi. Ani skok do mo\u0159e jim nepomohl, proto\u017ee tekutina d\u00e1l ho\u0159ela i ve vod\u011b&#8230; K uha\u0161en\u00ed ohn\u011b byl pot\u0159eba jen p\u00edsek, ocet nebo mo\u010d. A to nebylo v\u017edy po ruce&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>\u0158eck\u00fd ohe\u0148 je mo\u017en\u00e9 vid\u011bt na jedn\u00e9 z miniatur madridsk\u00e9ho rukopisu Ioanna Skylicy (3), kter\u00e1 ukazuje boj \u0158\u00edman\u016f s flotilou Fomy Slavjanina (4), v\u016fdce antifeud\u00e1ln\u00ed vzpoury v Byzanci. Nad jednou z lod\u00ed rebel\u016f je n\u00e1pis: &#8222;\u0158\u00edman\u00e9 zap\u00e1lili nep\u0159\u00e1telskou flotilu.&#8220;<\/p>\n<p>Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee recept na \u0159eck\u00fd ohe\u0148 byl dr\u017een jako p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b st\u0159e\u017een\u00e9 tajemstv\u00ed, a byl k dispozici pouze zasv\u011bcen\u00fdm, nakonec se ztratil.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Paprsky smrti?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Slavn\u00fd \u0159eck\u00fd u\u010denec Archimedes (5), jen\u017e zem\u0159el v roce 212 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, pr\u00fd vytvo\u0159il paprskovou zbra\u0148, kterou se poda\u0159ilo zap\u00e1lit flotilu Per\u0161an\u016f. \u0160lo o bronzov\u00e9 \u0161t\u00edty, od kter\u00fdch se odr\u00e1\u017eely slune\u010dn\u00ed paprsky&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>V roce 2005 se student\u016fm na Massachusetts Institute of Technology (6) poda\u0159ilo technologii obnovit a zopakovat a provedli \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fd pokus se zap\u00e1len\u00edm lodi v p\u0159\u00edstavu v San Francisku. (7)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Starov\u011bk\u00fd beton?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Za zm\u00ednku stoj\u00ed tak\u00e9 mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u017eivotnost budov postaven\u00fdch v \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch. Mnoh\u00e9 z nich byly schopny vydr\u017eet po tis\u00edce let, zat\u00edmco modern\u00ed budovy se za\u010d\u00ednaj\u00ed rozpadat u\u017e po n\u011bkolika desetilet\u00edch&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Jak se ned\u00e1vno uk\u00e1zalo, tajemstv\u00ed trvanlivosti \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho betonu je v p\u0159\u00edsad\u011b sope\u010dn\u00e9ho popela. Odborn\u00edci z Kalifornsk\u00e9 university v Berkeley (8) zjistili, \u017ee slou\u010denina v\u00e1pn\u00edku, hlin\u00edku, silik\u00e1t\u016f a hydr\u00e1t\u016f, spojuje materi\u00e1l, ale je m\u00e9n\u011b odoln\u00fd ne\u017e modern\u00ed beton. To ale plat\u00ed pro explozi. P\u0159i n\u00ed se takov\u00e1 stavba l\u00e9pe rozpadne, ale za p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch podm\u00ednek vydr\u017e\u00ed d\u00e9le, ne\u017e modern\u00ed budova.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Tekut\u00e9 sklo<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ze starov\u011bk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f je mo\u017en\u00e9 se dozv\u011bd\u011bt i o takzvan\u00e9m tekut\u00e9m skle. Poprv\u00e9 ho p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1, Petronius (9), kter\u00fd zem\u0159el v roce 66 na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu. Vypr\u00e1v\u00ed p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh skl\u00e1\u0159\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159inesli sklen\u011bnou n\u00e1dobu jako dar c\u00edsa\u0159i Tiberiovi (14 &#8211; 37 p\u0159. n. l.). V p\u0159\u00edtomnosti c\u00edsa\u0159e skl\u00e1\u0159 upustil n\u00e1dobu na zem, ale ta se nerozbila, ale jen se m\u00edrn\u011b zdeformovala, a rychle se poda\u0159ilo d\u00e1t j\u00ed zp\u011bt jej\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00ed tvar&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>Ale Tiberius na\u0159\u00eddil useknout skl\u00e1\u0159i hlavu, nebo\u0165 se ob\u00e1val, \u017ee mu\u017e je schopen d\u011blat tot\u00e9\u017e i s drah\u00fdmi kovy, a tak zm\u011bnit jejich hodnotu &#8230; R\u016fzn\u00e9 verze t\u00e9to legendy, uv\u00e1d\u00ed tak\u00e9 Plinius star\u0161\u00ed (10) a Dio Cassius (11). Jde v\u0161ak jen o legendu?<\/p>\n<p>Takov\u00e9 tv\u00e1rn\u00e9 sklo bylo vyvinuto teprve v roce 2012 firmou Corning (12). Je tepeln\u011b odoln\u00e9 a pru\u017en\u00e9 tak, \u017ee m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt zkroucen\u00e9 do rol\u00ed. Pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 se k v\u00fdrob\u011b sol\u00e1rn\u00edch \u010dl\u00e1nk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Damasc\u00e9nsk\u00e1 ocel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kdo by nesly\u0161el o slavn\u00e9 damasc\u00e9nsk\u00e9 oceli (13), ze kter\u00e9 byly b\u011bhem st\u0159edov\u011bku vykovan\u00e9 mnoh\u00e9 me\u010de na cel\u00e9m Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b? Tato technologie vznikla kolem roku 300 na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu. Po dlouhou dobu byla damasc\u00e9nsk\u00e1 ocel pova\u017eov\u00e1na za nejkvalitn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kov v cel\u00e9 historii lidstva. Ale p\u0159itom jej\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed tehdy nikdo neznal &#8211; bylo zn\u00e1mo pouze to, \u017ee kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm prvkem tohoto materi\u00e1lu byla speci\u00e1ln\u00ed slitina &#8211; bulat.<\/p>\n<p>V polovin\u011b XVIII. stolet\u00ed produkce damasc\u00e9nsk\u00e9 oceli skon\u010dila. Teprve ned\u00e1vno bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 obnovit jej\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed v laborato\u0159i pomoc\u00ed rastrovac\u00ed elektronov\u00e9 mikroskopie.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed protijed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Kr\u00e1l Mithridat\u00e9s VI. Pontsk\u00fd (120-63 p\u0159.n.l.) (14), pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vynalezl recept na univerz\u00e1ln\u00ed protijed, kter\u00fd chr\u00e1nil p\u0159ed \u00fa\u010dinky doslova v\u0161ech jed\u016f (z\u00edskal proto po n\u011bm jm\u00e9no mitridatium). Vzorec znal osobn\u00ed l\u00e9ka\u0159 \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159e Nerona. I kdy\u017e p\u016fvodn\u00ed recept byl n\u00e1sledn\u011b ztracen, je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee tam bylo opium, v\u00fdta\u017eek ze zmij\u00edho jedu, a kombinace n\u00edzk\u00fdch d\u00e1vek r\u016fzn\u00fdch jed\u016f a jejich protil\u00e1tky&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1992 se mitridatium pokusil obnovit b\u00fdval\u00fd sov\u011btsk\u00fd biolog Sergej Popov, kter\u00fd emigroval do Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. Bohu\u017eel, z\u0159ejm\u011b bez\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>(1) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adrienne_Mayor <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(2) Greek Fire, Poison Arrows &amp; Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World. http:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/dept\/HPS\/GreekFire.pdf <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(3) https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%98%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0<\/em><br \/>\n<em>(4) https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(5) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archim%C3%A9d%C3%A9s <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(6) http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/ <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(7) http:\/\/web.mit.edu\/2.009\/www\/experiments\/deathray\/10_Mythbusters.html <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(8) http:\/\/www.berkeley.edu\/ <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(9) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petronius<\/em><br \/>\n<em>(10) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plinius_star%C5%A1%C3%AD <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(11) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cassius_Dio <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(12) https:\/\/www.corning.com\/ <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(13) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Damasc%C3%A9nsk%C3%A1_ocel <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(14) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mithridat%C3%A9s_VI._Pontsk%C3%BD<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I kdy\u017e se v\u0161eobecn\u011b tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee lidstvo v XXI. stolet\u00ed dos\u00e1hlo mnoha technologick\u00fdch \u00fasp\u011bch\u016f, je dost zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch technologi\u00ed<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4358,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[41,50],"class_list":["post-4357","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-archeologie","tag-technika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4357","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4357"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4357\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4359,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4357\/revisions\/4359"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4358"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4357"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4357"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4357"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}