{"id":4254,"date":"2025-07-13T00:10:05","date_gmt":"2025-07-12T22:10:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4254"},"modified":"2025-08-02T00:15:33","modified_gmt":"2025-08-01T22:15:33","slug":"tajemne-kruhy-rondely","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2025\/07\/13\/tajemne-kruhy-rondely\/","title":{"rendered":"Tajemn\u00e9 kruhy \u2013 rondely"},"content":{"rendered":"

Dech stalet\u00ed ovane ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b tis\u00edce Angli\u010dan\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se zastav\u00ed na pl\u00e1ni u Salisbury.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ty\u010d\u00ed se tu ruiny n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00ed mohutn\u00e9 stavby, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 Stonehenge; pades\u00e1titunov\u00e9 sloupy jsou srovnan\u00e9 do kruhu a p\u0159eklenut\u00e9 kamenn\u00fdmi kv\u00e1dry, v\u00e1\u017e\u00edc\u00edmi \u0161est tun. A\u017e doned\u00e1vna v\u011b\u0159ili lid\u00e9 pov\u011bstem, \u017ee ob\u0159\u00ed sloupov\u00ed je d\u00edlem druid\u016f, kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed pohansk\u00fdch Kelt\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed pronikli do Anglie nedlouho p\u0159ed po\u010d\u00e1tkem na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci se v\u0161ak obvykle nespokojuj\u00ed pov\u011bstmi a legendami. Po mnoha letech b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed a vykop\u00e1vek, srovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm n\u00e1lez\u016f zbytk\u016f poh\u0159ebi\u0161\u0165, hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch st\u0159ep\u016f a zkoum\u00e1n\u00edm staveb sam\u00fdch p\u0159inesli stovky d\u016fkaz\u016f, \u017ee se pov\u011bsti o p\u016fvodu ml\u010d\u00edc\u00edch kamen\u016f m\u00fdl\u00ed.<\/p>\n

SV\u011aDECTV\u00cd SP\u00c1LEN\u00ddCH KOST\u00cd<\/strong><\/p>\n

Z obr\u00e1zku je patrno, \u017ee kamenn\u00e1 kruhov\u00e1 stavba je uvnit\u0159 jin\u00e9ho kruhu s daleko v\u011bt\u0161\u00edm obvodem. To b\u00fdval kdysi p\u0159\u00edkop, na jeho\u017e vnit\u0159n\u00ed stran\u011b vznikl val z vykopan\u00e9 hl\u00edny a kamene; obklopoval plochu v\u00edce ne\u017e devaten\u00e1ctiakrovou. Archeologov\u00e9 v\u011bd\u00ed, op\u011bt z n\u00e1lez\u016f hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch st\u0159ep\u016f a otisk\u016f semen v nich, \u017ee kolem roku 2300 p\u0159ed n.l. p\u0159i\u0161li z evropsk\u00e9 pevniny na anglick\u00fd ostrov past\u00fd\u0159i \u2014 roln\u00edci.<\/p>\n

Ka\u017ed\u00fd podzim, kdy\u017e tr\u00e1va pro\u0159\u00eddla, hnali tito lid\u00e9 sv\u00e1 st\u00e1da na n\u011bkolik zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edch m\u00edst, kde por\u00e1\u017eeli p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00fd dobytek. T\u011bmito m\u00edsty byly nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011bji zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 kruhov\u00e9 ohrady. Kolem roku 2000 p\u0159ed n. I. p\u0159ekro\u010dila anglick\u00fd kan\u00e1l nov\u00e1 tlupa p\u0159ist\u011bhovalc\u016f. Sm\u00edsila se s past\u00fd\u0159i a p\u0159izp\u016fsobila kruhovit\u00e9 ohrady jin\u00e9 pot\u0159eb\u011b: ob\u0159adn\u00edm\u00a0 shroma\u017edi\u0161t\u00edm nebo chr\u00e1m\u016fm. A jak lid\u00ed p\u0159ib\u00fdvalo, p\u0159ib\u00fdvalo i kruhov\u00fdch shroma\u017edi\u0161\u0165.<\/p>\n

Pod\u00e9l vnit\u0159n\u00edho n\u00e1spu p\u016fvodn\u00ed ohrady vznikaly j\u00e1my, kter\u00e9 byly v roce 1949 vykop\u00e1ny na jednom z takov\u00fdch m\u00edst v Dorchesteru na Tem\u017ei. I ve Stonehenge byly kdysi objeveny, dokonce ji\u017e v 17. stolet\u00ed Johnem Aubreyem. Nikdy v\u0161ak nebyly je\u0161t\u011b j\u00e1my prob\u00e1d\u00e1ny. A\u017e nyn\u00ed; uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee jsou napln\u011bny sp\u00e1len\u00fdmi lidsk\u00fdmi kostmi. Pomoc\u00ed radioaktivn\u00edho uhl\u00edku bylo zji\u0161t\u011bno, \u017ee kosti byly sp\u00e1leny a poh\u0159beny kolem roku 1850 p\u0159ed n. I., tehdy 1500 let p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e vstoupili na anglickou p\u016fdu druidov\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ale byly Aubreyovy j\u00e1my a vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1sep opravdu nejstar\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed Stonehenge? \u00davaha badatele odpov\u00edd\u00e1 kladn\u011b. Jedin\u00fd zp\u016fsob, kter\u00fdm sta\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1rodov\u00e9 mohli vyzna\u010dit tyto p\u0159esn\u00e9\u00a8kruhy, bylten, \u017ee to\u010dili dlouh\u00fdm \u0159emenem kolem kol\u00edku zara\u017een\u00e9ho do zem\u011b. To by ov\u0161em nemohli ud\u011blat, kdyby jim v tom p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eely kamenn\u00e9 stavby, kter\u00e9, jak vid\u00edme na obr\u00e1zku, jsou uvnit\u0159 ohrady. \u010cili \u2014 kamenn\u00fd vnit\u0159ek Stonehenge musel b\u00fdt vzty\u010den a\u017e po r. 1850 p\u0159ed n. I.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

MODR\u00c9 KAMEN\u00cd<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u0161imn\u011bte si na obr\u00e1zku Stonehenge dvojkruhu \u0161pi\u010dat\u00fdch monolit\u016f, ozna\u010den\u00fdch pozn\u00e1mkou ;\u201emodr\u00e9 kameny\u201c.<\/p>\n

Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee tento dvojkruh byl druhou stavbou uvnit\u0159 p\u016fvodn\u00ed ohrady s n\u00e1spem, tedy Stonehenge II.<\/p>\n

Kolem roku 1700 p\u0159ed n. l. p\u0159e\u0161la do Anglie t\u0159et\u00ed skupina osadn\u00edk\u016f. Podle formy jejich hrn\u010d\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdch v\u00fdrobk\u016f byla nazv\u00e1na lidem \u201e\u201ezvoncov\u00fdch poh\u00e1r\u016f\u201c. Tito lid\u00e9 u\u017e znali kov a sv\u00fdmi kovov\u011b hrocen\u00fdmi zbran\u011bmi si brzy podrobili ostatn\u00ed obyvatele doby kamenn\u00e9 v \u00fazem\u00ed mezi anglick\u00fdm kan\u00e1lem a z\u00e1padn\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00edm Walesu. Tudy vedly cesty, po kter\u00fdch se vozila nov\u011b objeven\u00e1 m\u011b\u010f a zlato z Irska n\u00e1rod\u016fm kontinentu. Proto nov\u00e1 skupina obchodn\u00edk\u016f rychle zbohatla. Ze zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho modr\u00e9ho kamene \u2014 doleritu \u2014 kter\u00fd pokr\u00fdval vrcholek Prescelly, obr\u00e1b\u011bli a uhlazovali sv\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dnick\u00e9<\/p>\n

sekerky, nejost\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed i nejp\u011bkn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00a0t\u00e9 dob\u011b v Anglii. A tak vznikl opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00fd dohad, \u017ee se rozhodli p\u0159en\u00e9st kameny v Prescelly do Stonehenge. 80 modr\u00fdch sloupov\u00fdch balvan\u016f, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00e1\u017eil a\u017e \u0161est tun, spou\u0161t\u011bli po d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch v\u00e1lc\u00edch s vrcholku po sr\u00e1zovit\u00fdch svaz\u00edch u Milford Haven k mo\u0159i. Pak p\u0159iv\u00e1zali ka\u017ed\u00fd k\u00e1men na vor z\u00a0kl\u00e1d a vor t\u00e1hli pod\u00e9l pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed k \u00fast\u00ed Bristol Avonu. Tam p\u0159em\u00edstili n\u00e1klad na vor vyroben\u00fd z \u010dlun\u016f a postrkovali ho k horn\u00edmu toku, po sou\u0161i vlekli kameny \u0161est mil, znovu plavili po \u0159ece Wylye a po svahu dlouh\u00e9m dv\u011b m\u00edle vyt\u00e1hli je kone\u010dn\u011b na m\u00edsto ur\u010den\u00ed, k dne\u0161n\u00edmu Stonehenge.<\/p>\n

\u017de se to opravdu takto ud\u00e1lo p\u0159ed 3600 lety, dok\u00e1zali v\u011bdci jednak n\u00e1lezy asi 300 kg \u00falomk\u016f z ta\u017een\u00fdch sloup\u016f pod\u00e9l popisovan\u00e9 cesty, jednak v\u00a0roce 1954 jej\u00ed rekonstrukc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se ujal prof. Atkinson s britsk\u00fdmi studenty.<\/p>\n

I dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkazy v\u00fdkop\u016f jam a ter\u00e9nu ve Stonehenge sv\u011bd\u010dily pro to, \u017ee mohutn\u00e9 p\u00edskovcov\u00e9 stavby, dodnes zachovan\u00e9, byly postaveny daleko pozd\u011bji ne\u017e stavba z modr\u00fdch kamen\u016f.<\/p>\n

MYK\u00c9NSK\u00c1 D\u00ddKA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Archeologick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy prozrazuj\u00ed, \u017ee po cel\u00e9 17. a 16. stol. p\u0159ed n. I. moc i bohatstv\u00ed v\u016fdc\u016f lidu \u201ezvoncov\u00fdch poh\u00e1r\u016f\u201c prudce rostly. V\u00a0poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u00edch byly vykop\u00e1ny umn\u011b zdoben\u00e9 bronzov\u00e9 sekerky, n\u00e1hrdeln\u00edky z\u00a0jantaru a modr\u00e9 kor\u00e1le i zlat\u00e9 \u0161perky. To sv\u011bd\u010dilo i o prosperit\u011b zahrani\u010dn\u00edho obchodu, proto\u017ee n\u00e1lezy nesly stopy irsk\u00e9, st\u0159edoevropsk\u00e9, egyptsk\u00e9 a \u0159eck\u00e9 kultury. Z\u00e1mo\u017en\u00e1 rada v\u016fdc\u016f pot\u0159ebovala z\u0159ejm\u011b d\u016fstojn\u00fd st\u00e1nek pro sv\u00e1 zased\u00e1n\u00ed, a tak asi roku 1500 p\u0159ed n.l. byla zah\u00e1jena stavba Stonehenge, jeho\u017e ruiny dnes Angli\u010dan\u00e9 obdivuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Asi dvacet mil na sever na pahorc\u00edch Malborough vytvo\u0159ila p\u0159\u00edroda mohutn\u00e9 balvany z tvrd\u00e9ho p\u00edskovce.<\/p>\n

Z t\u011bch vybrali lid\u00e9 \u201ezvoncov\u00fdch poh\u00e1r\u016f\u201c 81 ohromn\u00fdch kamen\u016f, na m\u00edst\u011b je hrub\u011b otesali kamenn\u00fdmi palicemi a d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdmi kl\u00edny. (Kamenn\u00e9 palice, nalezen\u00e9 v t\u011bch m\u00edstech, to dosv\u011bd\u010duj\u00ed.) Na d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch san\u00edch a kl\u00e1dov\u00fdch v\u00e1lc\u00edch nastoupili se sloupy dalekou cestu.<\/p>\n

Prof. Atkinson odhaduje, \u017ee bylo zapot\u0159eb\u00ed 1500) statn\u00fdch mu\u017e\u016f, aby za p\u011bt a p\u016fl roku p\u0159em\u00edstili t\u011bchto 81 kamen\u016f na m\u00edsto stavby. Tam museli prehistori\u010dt\u00ed in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i nejd\u0159\u00edv odstranit modr\u00e9 kameny, naj\u00edt st\u0159ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch ohrad a vyzna\u010dit men\u0161\u00ed kruh pro novou stavbu. V n\u011bm vyhloubili t\u0159icet jam, do kter\u00fdch pracn\u011b pomoc\u00ed sochor\u016f, d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch le\u0161en\u00ed a podp\u011br zasadili p\u00edskovcov\u00e9 sloupy.<\/p>\n

Ostatn\u00ed kamen\u00edci zat\u00edm zformovali jemn\u00e9 oblouky kamenn\u00fdch tr\u00e1m\u016f. Ze zbytk\u016f modr\u00fdch kamen\u016f vyrobili \u010depy a z\u00e1dlaby. Stonehenge III bylo dokon\u010deno asi 1400 let p\u0159ed n. l. Dokonal\u00e1 a um\u011blecky \u010dist\u00e1 stavba musela b\u00fdt podle odhadu v\u011bdc\u016f d\u00edlem zku\u0161en\u00e9ho stavbyvedouc\u00edho a n\u011bkter\u00e9 jej\u00ed rysy p\u0159ipom\u00ednaly praktiky \u0159eck\u00fdch stavitel\u016f. Roku 1935 objevil opravdu prof. Atkinson na jednom ze sloup\u016f vytesanou j\u00edlcovou d\u00fdku, jej\u00ed\u017e typ je zn\u00e1m pouze z d\u00edlen \u0159eck\u00fdch Myk\u00e9n \u0161estn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho a patn\u00e1ct\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p>\n

Tak bylo tedy z\u00e1sluhou mnohalet\u00e9ho v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed odhaleno tajemstv\u00ed ml\u010d\u00edc\u00edch kamen\u016f, kter\u00e9 dodnes l\u00e1kaj\u00ed anglick\u00e9 turisty svou kr\u00e1sou i kouzlem v\u011bk\u016f.<\/p>\n

VTM, 1963\/3<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dech stalet\u00ed ovane ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b tis\u00edce Angli\u010dan\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed se zastav\u00ed na pl\u00e1ni u Salisbury.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":566,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[41,24,83],"class_list":["post-4254","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-archeologie","tag-evropa","tag-megality"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4254","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4254"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4254\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4256,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4254\/revisions\/4256"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/566"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4254"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4254"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4254"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}