{"id":4239,"date":"2025-09-06T00:21:16","date_gmt":"2025-09-05T22:21:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4239"},"modified":"2025-07-22T02:32:24","modified_gmt":"2025-07-22T00:32:24","slug":"kdo-vymyslel-auto","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2025\/09\/06\/kdo-vymyslel-auto\/","title":{"rendered":"Kdo vymyslel auto?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Kdo by to byl \u0159ekl, \u017ee prvn\u00ed auto navrhl rusk\u00fd nevoln\u00edk <em>Leontij Lukjanovi\u010d \u0160am\u0161urenkov<\/em> (1687-1758), poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z hlubin les\u016f v provincii Kaza\u0148, kter\u00fd se narodil ji\u017e v 17. stolet\u00ed.<\/strong><!--more--><br \/>\nA jak ho tehdy nazval? &#8211;<em> \u00ab\u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0435\u0433\u043b\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0441\u043a\u0430\u00bb. \u201esamob\u011b\u017e\u00edc\u00ed ko\u010d\u00e1r\u201c<\/em>. Ano, a tak to bylo i my\u0161leno \u2013 b\u011b\u017eel s\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<p>Mechanik <em>\u0160am\u0161urenkov<\/em> byl velmi zru\u010dn\u00fd a vynal\u00e9zav\u00fd, um\u011bl kreslit a vyr\u00e1b\u011bt modely sv\u00fdch vyn\u00e1lez\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>A u\u017e ve 30. letech 18. stolet\u00ed se pod\u00edlel na odl\u00e9v\u00e1n\u00ed nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho zvonu na sv\u011bt\u011b \u2013 zn\u00e1m\u00e9ho jako <em>Carsk\u00fd zvon<\/em>, dodnes k vid\u011bn\u00ed v Kremlu.<\/p>\n<p>A pak za\u010dal stav\u011bt model mechanick\u00e9ho voz\u00edku, pohybuj\u00edc\u00edho se bez ko\u0148sk\u00e9ho postroje, jen d\u00edky svalov\u00e9 s\u00edle lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed na n\u011bm jeli.<\/p>\n<p>Jen\u017ee \u2013 dostal se do v\u011bzen\u00ed. V roce 1741 se za\u010dal soudit o pozemek s vlivn\u00fdm \u0161lechticem. Asi 10 let <em>Leontij Lukjanovi\u010d \u0160am\u0161urenkov<\/em> st\u0159\u00eddal r\u016fzn\u00e1 v\u011bzen\u00ed. Ale i tam maloval a vym\u00fd\u0161lel r\u016fzn\u00e9 vyn\u00e1lezy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-4240 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/zaz_Kdo-vymyslel-auto.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"187\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Vypracoval pl\u00e1n <em>\u201esamo\u010dinn\u00e9ho ko\u010d\u00e1ru\u201c<\/em>, jeho\u017e projekt byl prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9ho synovce v roce 1752 p\u0159edstaven v Moskv\u011b. \u00da\u0159edn\u00edky tato my\u0161lenka natolik zaujala, \u017ee byl z v\u011bzen\u00ed odvezen v doprovodu p\u0159id\u011blen\u00e9ho voj\u00e1ka p\u0159\u00edmo do Petrohradu. Tam dostal pokoj, n\u00e1\u0159ad\u00ed, t\u00fdm \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f a 10 kop\u011bjek denn\u011b na stravu.<\/p>\n<p>B\u011bhem pouh\u00fdch \u0161esti m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f p\u0159edstavil Sen\u00e1tu prototyp automobilu: r\u00e1m voz\u00edku se \u010dty\u0159mi koly a otev\u0159enou korbou se dv\u011bma sedadly pro \u201ene\u010dinn\u00e9 lidi\u201c (cestuj\u00edc\u00ed). Pohyb zaji\u0161\u0165ovali dal\u0161\u00ed 2 stoj\u00edc\u00ed lid\u00e9, a to \u0161lap\u00e1n\u00edm. \u0160lo tedy o jak\u00fdsi <em>velomobil.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Korba byla p\u0159ipevn\u011bna k r\u00e1mu na \u0159emenech, kter\u00e9 nahrazovaly dne\u0161n\u00ed pru\u017einov\u00e9 zav\u011b\u0161en\u00ed. T\u00e1hla \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed byla p\u0159ipojena k p\u0159edn\u00ed n\u00e1prav\u011b. Krom\u011b toho vyn\u00e1lezce navrhl vyrobit pro ko\u010d\u00e1r \u201ehodiny\u201c (po\u010d\u00edtadlo vzd\u00e1lenost\u00ed), namontovan\u00e9 na zadn\u00ed n\u00e1prav\u011b. Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed m\u011blo zaznamenat a\u017e tis\u00edc verst, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e po ka\u017ed\u00e9 ujet\u00e9 verst\u011b zazvonil zvon.<\/p>\n<p>Za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed se sice nedochovalo, ale bylo postaven\u00e9 podle dochovan\u00fdch n\u00e1kres\u016f a popis\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1753 dostal vyn\u00e1lezce za sv\u016fj objev odm\u011bnu 50 rubl\u016f, byl osvobozen od zbytku v\u011bzen\u00ed, a dostal i pen\u00edze na cestu dom\u016f. Tam pokra\u010doval v pr\u00e1ci na fantastick\u00fdch projektech a\u017e do sv\u00e9 smrti.<\/p>\n<p>Posledn\u00ed z jeho projekt\u016f, o kter\u00fdch se zachovaly zpr\u00e1vy, byly prost\u011b grandi\u00f3zn\u00ed. <em>\u0160am\u0161urenkov<\/em> odv\u00e1\u017en\u011b navrhl \u201ep\u0159iv\u00e9st Volhu do Moskvy\u201c, a nebo vybudovat \u201epodzemn\u00ed silnici\u201c. Lze jen obdivovat p\u0159edstavivost nevzd\u011blan\u00e9ho nevoln\u00edka, jeho\u017e my\u0161lenky na metro nebo moskevsk\u00fd kan\u00e1l p\u0159edb\u011bhly svou dobu.<\/p>\n<p>O 40 let pozd\u011bji podobn\u00fd <em>velomobil<\/em> navrhl <em>Ivan Petrovi\u010d Kulibin<\/em> (1735-1818), p\u0159ezd\u00edvan\u00fd jako <em>Archim\u00e9des<\/em> z Ni\u017en\u00edho Novgorodu.<\/p>\n<p><em>Obr.<\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonty_Shamshurenkov\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leonty_Shamshurenkov<\/em><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Kdo by to byl \u0159ekl, \u017ee prvn\u00ed auto navrhl rusk\u00fd nevoln\u00edk Leontij Lukjanovi\u010d \u0160am\u0161urenkov (1687-1758), poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z hlubin les\u016f v<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":419,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[41,67,76,50],"class_list":["post-4239","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-archeologie","tag-osobnosti","tag-rusko","tag-technika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4239","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4239"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4239\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4241,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4239\/revisions\/4241"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/419"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4239"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4239"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4239"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}