{"id":416,"date":"2023-04-18T00:07:54","date_gmt":"2023-04-17T22:07:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=416"},"modified":"2023-04-19T21:30:48","modified_gmt":"2023-04-19T19:30:48","slug":"kde-jsou","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2023\/04\/18\/kde-jsou\/","title":{"rendered":"Kde jsou?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Za pomoc\u00ed kosmick\u00e9ho teleskopu „Kepler“ je u\u017e jasno – v\u00edce ne\u017e 500 milion\u016f planet v na\u0161\u00ed Galaxii je vhodn\u00fdch pro \u017eivot.<\/strong>
\nV t\u00e9to souvislosti, astronomov\u00e9 a matematici trvaj\u00ed na tom, \u017ee pouze v na\u0161\u00ed Galaxii prost\u011b mus\u00ed b\u00fdt tis\u00edce, ne-li des\u00edtky tis\u00edc vysp\u011bl\u00fdch mimozemsk\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

A ve zbytku vesm\u00edru \u2013 to u\u017e ani nepo\u010d\u00edtaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Skeptici v\u0161ak tvrd\u00ed: nikdo krom\u011b n\u00e1s, tu nen\u00ed. A odkazuj\u00ed na slavn\u00fd Fermiho paradox.<\/p>\n

Podle legendy, laure\u00e1t Nobelovy ceny Enrico Fermi (1) jednou u ve\u010de\u0159e poslouchal kolegy fyziky, kte\u0159\u00ed tvrdili, \u017ee mimozem\u0161\u0165an\u00e9 nejsou ve vesm\u00edru nic neobvykl\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n

A Fermi se jich zeptal: „Tak\u017ee, kde jsou?“ A fyzikov\u00e9 neum\u011bli odpov\u011bd\u011bt.<\/p>\n

Je tu zd\u00e1nliv\u00fd rozpor \u2013 obrovsk\u00fd vesm\u00edr a p\u0159itom \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd kontakt s jeho ostatn\u00edmi obyvateli \u2013 a ten byl nazv\u00e1n Fermiho paradox. (2)<\/p>\n

Po \u010dtvrtstolet\u00ed ho doplnil Angli\u010dan Michael H. Hart (3)<\/p>\n

V p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee pokud by existovaly tis\u00edce mimozemsk\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed, pak by se k n\u00e1m dostali u\u017e p\u0159ed miliony lety. Dodnes se k n\u00e1m ale nikdo z jin\u00fdch sv\u011bt\u016f nedostal.<\/p>\n

A to je, podle skeptik\u016f, nejp\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011bj\u0161\u00ed argument ve prosp\u011bch skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee \u2013 mimozem\u0161\u0165an\u00e9 prost\u011b nikde nejsou\u2026<\/p>\n

A jsme sami, \u00fapln\u011b sami\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bohu\u017eel, skeptici mohou m\u00edt pravdu a my jsme opravdu jedin\u00ed sv\u00e9ho druhu.<\/p>\n

Ned\u00e1vno to zd\u016fvodnil astronom Dimitar Sasselov \u2013 profesor z Harvardu, jeden z \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00edch \u010dinitel\u016f v\u011bdeck\u00e9ho programu dalekohledu „Kepler“. (4)<\/p>\n

V\u011bdec odhadl, kolik let bude muset uplynout od vzniku vesm\u00edru do objeven\u00ed se rozumn\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n

Pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b 1 miliardu let trvalo, aby mlad\u00e9 hv\u011bzdy vytvo\u0159ily z p\u016fvodn\u00edho vod\u00edku a helia dost materi\u00e1lu k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed planet.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00edch 8 a\u017e 9 miliard let trvalo, ne\u017e do\u0161lo ke vzniku kamenn\u00fdch planet a k vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch podm\u00ednek pro \u017eivot. Celkem tedy 9 – 10 miliard let.<\/p>\n

A cel\u00e9mu Vesm\u00edru je 13,7 miliarda let.<\/p>\n

Ukazuje se, \u017ee Zem\u011b, jej\u00ed\u017e st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed je kolem 4,5 miliard let, dob\u0159e zapad\u00e1 do tohoto \u010dasov\u00e9ho r\u00e1mce. M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt, \u017ee Zem\u011b nikoho ve sv\u00e9m v\u00fdvoji nep\u0159edb\u011bhla a nikdo nep\u0159edb\u011bhl ji.<\/p>\n

To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je vysok\u00e1 pravd\u011bpodobnost, \u017ee na\u0161e planeta je prvn\u00ed, na kter\u00e9 za\u010dal \u017eivot.<\/p>\n

A my jsme prvn\u00ed inteligentn\u00ed bytosti ve vesm\u00edru. A proto, i nejinteligentn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Sasselov se domn\u00edv\u00e1, \u017ee doba, kter\u00e1 je pot\u0159eba pro vznik i t\u011bch nejjednodu\u0161\u0161\u00edch organism\u016f, m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt i p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e1 st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vesm\u00edru.<\/p>\n

To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pokud n\u011bkde jinde jsou rozumn\u00ed mimozem\u0161\u0165an\u00e9, pak nejsp\u00ed\u0161e jejich civilizace nebude vysp\u011blej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e ta na\u0161e.<\/p>\n

Miliarda let p\u0159ed koncem sv\u011bta\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed se poj\u010fme pod\u00edvat na budoucnost.<\/p>\n

\u017divot na na\u0161\u00ed planet\u011b zanikne asi za 2,8 miliardy let. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b Slunce bude r\u016fst a pohlt\u00ed Zemi. Ale u\u017e miliardu let p\u0159ed t\u00edm bude Zem\u011b neobyvateln\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Kdo bude tehdy \u017e\u00edt na Zemi? Na\u0161i kr\u00e1sn\u00ed potomci a nebo n\u011bjak\u00e9 odporn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u0161ery? Ani jedno, ani druh\u00e9.<\/p>\n

\u201eBakterie – jednobun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 organismy plovouc\u00ed v jez\u00edrku s horkou slanou vodou nebo v jeskynn\u00edch vod\u00e1ch – to je cel\u00e1 populace, kter\u00e1 p\u0159e\u017eije,\u201c domn\u00edv\u00e1 se Jack O’Malley-James (5) a jeho brit\u0161t\u00ed kolegov\u00e9 na univerzit\u011b v St. Andrews. Tyto v\u00fdsledky dal jejich matematick\u00fd model.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee \u017eivot na ka\u017ed\u00e9 obyvateln\u00e9 planet\u011b, ob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00ed kolem hv\u011bzdy jako je ta na\u0161e, \u010dek\u00e1 uboh\u00fd osud. Oce\u00e1ny se vypa\u0159\u00ed, zv\u00ed\u0159ata postupn\u011b miz\u00ed. Posledn\u00edmi obyvateli budou prvoci.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci pou\u017eili sv\u016fj model na r\u016fzn\u00e9 planety pozemsk\u00e9ho typu.<\/p>\n

A uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee vznikl\u00fd \u017eivot od primitivn\u00ed existence do rozumn\u00e9 civilizace obvykle trv\u00e1 po dobu asi 3 miliardy let. Pak – po relativn\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 dob\u011b \u2013 se op\u011bt zm\u011bn\u00ed na jednoduch\u00fd. A pak miz\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00fd je \u017eivotn\u00ed cyklus: od jednoduch\u00e9ho po slo\u017eit\u00fd a zp\u011bt.<\/p>\n

Ze zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed britsk\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f op\u011bt vypl\u00fdv\u00e1: pravd\u011bpodobnost v\u00fdskytu rozumn\u00fdch mimozem\u0161\u0165an\u016f je krajn\u011b nepravd\u011bpodobn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

V\u017edy\u0165 doba jejich existence na jak\u00e9koliv planet\u011b je ne\u00fam\u011brn\u011b mal\u00e1 ve srovn\u00e1n\u00ed s v\u011bkem na\u0161\u00ed planety samotn\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Sp\u00ed\u0161e m\u016f\u017eeme naj\u00edt jen bakterie. To je statisticky nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vzhled mimozem\u0161\u0165an\u016f.<\/p>\n

Nyn\u00ed O’Molly-James a jeho kolegov\u00e9 se sna\u017e\u00ed zjistit, jak m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt nejpravd\u011bpodobn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed chemick\u00e9 slo\u017een\u00ed primitivn\u00edch obyvatel jin\u00fdch sv\u011bt\u016f, a jak by to bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zjistit na d\u00e1lku.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/strong>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

(1) http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enrico_Fermi<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

(2) http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fermiho_paradox<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

(3) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_H._Hart<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

(4) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dimitar_Sasselov<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

(5) http:\/\/www-star.st-and.ac.uk\/~jto5\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Za pomoc\u00ed kosmick\u00e9ho teleskopu „Kepler“ je u\u017e jasno – v\u00edce ne\u017e 500 milion\u016f planet v na\u0161\u00ed Galaxii je vhodn\u00fdch pro<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":429,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,17,19],"tags":[58,59],"class_list":["post-416","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ufo-a-aaj","category-veda","category-zahady","tag-mimozemstane","tag-vesmir"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/416","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=416"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":430,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/416\/revisions\/430"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/429"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=416"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}