{"id":4054,"date":"2024-11-21T00:25:19","date_gmt":"2024-11-20T23:25:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4054"},"modified":"2025-07-09T03:33:04","modified_gmt":"2025-07-09T01:33:04","slug":"kde-se-vzaly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/11\/21\/kde-se-vzaly\/","title":{"rendered":"Kde se vzaly?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Pro\u010d \u010certovu sk\u00e1lu neupustil \u010dert<\/strong><\/p>\n

Snad k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm \u00fatvar\u016fm se nev\u00e1\u017ee tolik pov\u011br a pov\u011bst\u00ed jako ke skal\u00e1m. Co jen nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch skal a balvan\u016f nese jm\u00e9no \u201e\u010certovo\u201c.<\/em> Prakticky kdekoliv, v ka\u017ed\u00e9m na\u0161em kraji n\u011bjak\u00fd ten \u010dert \u010di duch hor upustil svou sk\u00e1lu \u2014 tu do \u0159\u00ed\u010dn\u00edho toku, tu naopak na h\u0159ebeny hor. Jin\u00e9 sk\u00e1ly jsou zase nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, pov\u011bstmi op\u0159eden\u00e9 zkamen\u011bl\u00e9 bytosti. Od v\u0161ech mo\u017en\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at p\u0159es r\u016fzn\u00e9 poh\u00e1dkov\u00e9 postavy \u2014 \u010derty, lucifery, je\u017eibaby a \u010darod\u011bjnice, ale tak\u00e9 tchyn\u011b, zkamen\u011bl\u00e9 milence, starosty, panny, mnichy a jepti\u0161ky a\u017e po cel\u00fd zkamen\u011bl\u00fd svatebn\u00ed pr\u016fvod.<\/p>\n

A to nemluv\u00edm o r\u016fzn\u00fdch ne\u017eiv\u00fdch p\u0159edm\u011btech, jako jsou kazatelny, pevnosti, zaklet\u00e9 hrady, orl\u00ed hn\u00edzda, koruny, tr\u016fny, r\u016fzn\u00e9 hudebn\u00ed n\u00e1stroje, d\u017eb\u00e1ny, hrnce, m\u00edsy… Lidsk\u00e1 fantazie nezn\u00e1 mez\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u0161echny ty tajemn\u00e9 \u00fatvary \u010di sp\u00ed\u0161e tvary v\u0161ak maj\u00ed i sv\u00e1 obecn\u00e1 jm\u00e9na a vznikaly zcela z\u00e1konit\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm procesem.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00fdm nejb\u011b\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edm skaln\u00edm \u00fatvarem u n\u00e1s jsou skaln\u00ed st\u011bny a \u00fatesy.<\/p>\n

Slovo st\u011bna je charakterizuje dost p\u0159esn\u011b \u2014 je to v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b kolm\u00e9 skalnat\u00e9 zakon\u010den\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9ho sr\u00e1zu, kopce, st\u011bna \u00fadol\u00ed apod. P\u016fvodn\u011b vznikaly nej\u010dast\u011bji p\u016fsoben\u00edm n\u011bjak\u00e9ho vodn\u00edho toku, ale mnoho jich dodate\u010dn\u011b vytvo\u0159il i \u010dlov\u011bk p\u0159i stavb\u00e1ch silnic a \u017eeleznic, p\u0159i t\u011b\u017eb\u011b r\u016fzn\u00fdch hornin a nerost\u016f apod. Takov\u00e1 st\u011bna je vlastn\u011b jedin\u00fdm v\u00fdstupem p\u016fvodn\u00ed horniny na povrch, zbyl\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sk\u00e1ly jsou ukryt\u00e9 v okoln\u00edm ter\u00e9nu, pod vrstvami zeminy. Proto se jim tak\u00e9 \u010dasto \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 sk\u00e1ly okrajov\u00e9. Prakticky tot\u00e9\u017e by se pak dalo \u0159\u00edct i o \u00fatesech, kter\u00e9 v\u0161ak nezauj\u00edmaj\u00ed takovou plochu jako st\u011bna, naleznete je sp\u00ed\u0161 v ohybech \u0159ek (\u010di silnic) nebo v m\u00edstech, kde jsou skaln\u00ed v\u00fdstupy p\u0159eru\u0161ovan\u00e9 \u201ep\u00e1sy\u201c \u2014 kulo\u00e1ry \u2014 povlovn\u011bj\u0161\u00edho ter\u00e9nu, p\u0159ekryt\u00e9ho zeminou a zarostl\u00e9ho b\u011b\u017enou okoln\u00ed vegetac\u00ed. Skaln\u00ed st\u011bna \u010di \u00fates m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt z libovoln\u00e9 horniny.<\/p>\n

Zato podm\u00ednkou vzniku skaln\u00edch suk\u016f, h\u0159bet\u016f \u010di bradel je u\u017e dostate\u010dn\u011b tvrd\u00e1 -pevn\u00e1 hornina, kter\u00e1 odolala zv\u011btr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed vrcholk\u016f hor \u2014 a\u0165 u\u017e jednotliv\u00fdch kopc\u016f, \u010di cel\u00fdch h\u0159eben\u016f. Takovou nejp\u011bkn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed a nejklasi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed uk\u00e1zkou skaln\u00edch suk\u016f b\u00fdvaj\u00ed vypreparovan\u00e9 sopouchy<\/em> \u2014 nen\u00ed to vlastn\u011b nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e ztuhl\u00e1 l\u00e1vov\u00e1 v\u00fdpl\u0148 j\u00edcnu sopky, zat\u00edmco vlastn\u00ed sopka z m\u011bk\u010d\u00edch hornin u\u017e d\u00e1vno neexistuje. Skaln\u00ed h\u0159bet pak je souvislej\u0161\u00ed p\u00e1s skal a skali\u010dek na vrcholu n\u011bjak\u00e9ho kopce- \u010di h\u0159ebene, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i na jeho \u00fabo\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161inu takov\u00fdch skal tvo\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u011b \u017eula \u2014 ta je nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v ji\u017en\u00edch a z\u00e1padn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch a v horsk\u00fdch a podhorsk\u00fdch oblastech \u010cech i Moravy. Druhou nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00ed horninou objevuj\u00edc\u00ed se na povrchu je buli\u017en\u00edk \u2014 p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161ina h\u0159bet\u016f a skaln\u00edch suk\u016f ve st\u0159edn\u00edch \u010cech\u00e1ch je tvo\u0159ena pr\u00e1v\u011b touto horninou, v\u010detn\u011b nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch pra\u017esk\u00fdch skal v \u0160\u00e1rce a Koz\u00edch h\u0159bet\u016f. M\u00e9n\u011b obvykl\u00e9 u\u017e jsou slepence a k\u0159emence, jako p\u0159\u00edklad slepencov\u00fdch skal si m\u016f\u017eeme uv\u00e9st skaln\u00ed \u00fates a \u201ev\u011b\u017ee\u201c na \u017d\u010f\u00e1ru u Rokycan, zat\u00edmco \u010certovy sk\u00e1ly<\/em> <\/strong>u \u010cernolic jsou kr\u00e1snou uk\u00e1zkou vypreparovan\u00e9ho h\u0159b\u00edtku k\u0159emencov\u00e9ho. Skaln\u00ed bradlo je tro\u0161ku zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edpad tohoto jevu. Jedn\u00e1 se v\u017edy o usazen\u00e9, ale dost pevn\u00e9 horniny; u n\u00e1s jsou bradla v\u00e1pencov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 se dostala na povrch p\u0159i zlomu a pohybu vrstev zemsk\u00e9 k\u016fry. Proto b\u00fdvaj\u00ed z jedn\u00e9 strany povlovn\u00e1 \u2014 to je vlastn\u00ed povrch usazenin, zat\u00edmco druh\u00e1 strana tvo\u0159\u00ed skaln\u00ed \u00fatesy a st\u011bny, co\u017e jsou vlastn\u00ed lomov\u00e9 plochy. Bradla jsou nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed skaln\u00ed \u00fatvary, kter\u00e9 u n\u00e1s lze naj\u00edt \u2014 tvo\u0159\u00ed cel\u00e9 dlouh\u00e9 h\u0159ebeny hor nebo i men\u0161\u00ed poho\u0159\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad cel\u00e1 P\u00e1lava (Pavlovsk\u00e9 kopce) nen\u00ed nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e jedno velk\u00e9 v\u00e1pencov\u00e9 bradlo.<\/p>\n

Toto v\u0161echno byly n\u00e1zvy v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch skaln\u00edch \u00fatvar\u016f. Na prvn\u00ed m\u00edsto v tomto p\u0159ehledu pat\u0159\u00ed bezpochyby term\u00edn skaln\u00ed v\u011b\u017e, co\u017e je sou\u010dasn\u011b i v\u00fdchoz\u00ed tvar pro \u0159adu jin\u00fdch. Tvar sk\u00e1ly m\u00e1 s v\u011b\u017e\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b n\u011bco spole\u010dn\u00e9ho \u2014 b\u00fdv\u00e1 dost vysok\u00e1, pom\u011brn\u011b \u0161t\u00edhl\u00e1, ze v\u0161ech stran v\u00edce \u010di m\u00e9n\u011b kolm\u00e1, a tedy pro norm\u00e1ln\u00edho turistu nep\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e1. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u0161t\u00edhl\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ee pak nesou jm\u00e9no skaln\u00ed jehla.<\/p>\n

Skaln\u00ed v\u011b\u017ee mohou st\u00e1t jednotliv\u011b, nebo tvo\u0159it skupinu \u2014 souv\u011b\u017e\u00ed, \u010di dokonce mas\u00edv, ten u\u017e v\u0161ak b\u00fdv\u00e1 alespo\u0148 z jedn\u00e9 strany p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fd. Nejklasi\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edm stavebn\u00edm materi\u00e1lem skaln\u00edch v\u011b\u017ei je p\u00edskovec, podm\u00ednkou jejich vzniku toti\u017e nen\u00ed jen snadn\u00e9 zv\u011btr\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed horniny, ale i rozl\u00e1m\u00e1n\u00ed na sebe kolm\u00fdmi puklinami. Skaln\u00ed v\u011b\u017ee v\u00e1pencov\u00e9 \u010di z hornin vyv\u0159el\u00fdch jsou proto vz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Krom\u011b toho \u2014 vzhledem k podm\u00ednk\u00e1m sv\u00e9ho vzniku \u2014 jsou skaln\u00ed v\u011b\u017ee v\u017edy sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed n\u011bjak\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed skupiny skal. Z tohoto hlediska je proto zcela ojedin\u011bl\u00fdm jevem Hri\u010dovsk\u00e1 skaln\u00ed jehla<\/em><\/strong> (objevuje se t\u00e9\u017e pod jm\u00e9nem Kon\u010dist\u00e1),<\/em><\/strong> co\u017e je osam\u011bl\u00e1 v\u00e1pencov\u00e1 skaln\u00ed jehla v jinak povlovn\u00e9m neskalnat\u00e9m ter\u00e9nu. I ona je v\u0161ak posledn\u00edm poz\u016fstatkem b\u00fdval\u00e9ho v\u00e1pencov\u00e9ho bradla.
\nZaj\u00edmav\u00fdm \u00fatvarem jsou skaln\u00ed h\u0159iby, pokli\u010dky, p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b v extr\u00e9mn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b viklany. V\u00fdchoz\u00edm tvarem pro n\u011b b\u00fdv\u00e1 skaln\u00ed v\u011b\u017e, nej\u010dast\u011bji se proto h\u0159iby i pokli\u010dky objevuj\u00ed ve skal\u00e1ch p\u00edskovcov\u00fdch.<\/p>\n

Jejich vznik podmi\u0148uje to, \u017ee usazen\u00e9 vrstvy p\u00edskovce nejsou stejn\u00e9 kvality, v ka\u017ed\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ei se st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed vrstvy m\u011bk\u010d\u00ed a tvrd\u0161\u00ed. Stane-li se, \u017ee posledn\u00ed, vrcholov\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st sk\u00e1ly je zrovna z p\u00edskovce hodn\u011b pevn\u00e9ho a odoln\u00e9ho erozi, zat\u00edmco vrstva pod n\u00ed je naopak z p\u00edskovce hodn\u011b m\u011bkk\u00e9ho, p\u0159esahuje po \u010dase vrchol \u2014 nej\u010dast\u011bji v podob\u011b ploch\u00e9 desky \u2014 spodn\u00ed z\u016f\u017een\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti sk\u00e1ly. Pokli\u010dky a h\u0159iby jsou docela hezkou n\u00e1zornou uk\u00e1zkou toho, \u017ee v\u0161echny skaln\u00ed v\u011b\u017ee vznikly z p\u016fvodn\u011b celistv\u00e9 desky usazenin. Objev\u00ed-li se jich toti\u017e n\u011bkde v\u00edc vedle sebe, jsou jednotliv\u00e9 vrstvy \u2014 \u201ehlavi\u010dky\u201c i z\u00fa\u017een\u00e9 \u201ekr\u010dky\u201c \u2014 v\u017edy ve stejn\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ce.<\/p>\n

V hornin\u00e1ch dostate\u010dn\u011b tvrd\u00fdch a pevn\u00fdch, kter\u00e9 unesou velik\u00fd tlak soust\u0159ed\u011bn\u00fd do jedin\u00e9ho bodu, pak m\u016f\u017ee dojit i k takov\u00e9mu jevu, \u017ee je cel\u00e1 vrcholov\u00e1 partie od sv\u00e9ho podstavce odd\u011blen\u00e1 a vznikne viklan.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Prav\u00e9 viklany<\/em> jsou proto v\u011bt\u0161inou \u017eulov\u00e9 a nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou na \u0160umav\u011b a v Jizersk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Sv\u00e1 jm\u00e9na maj\u00ed ov\u0161em i r\u016fzn\u00e9 otvory, mezery, pr\u016fchody, kter\u00e9 jednotliv\u00e9 sk\u00e1ly od sebe odd\u011bluj\u00ed. Svou p\u0159ita\u017elivost pro n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvn\u00edky maj\u00ed p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm otvory men\u0161\u00ed, kter\u00e9 dod\u00e1vaj\u00ed skal\u00e1m pestrosti a tvarov\u00e9 rozmanitosti. Jsou to r\u016fzn\u00e1 skaln\u00ed okna, tunely, skaln\u00ed br\u00e1ny a mosty. Vznikaly bu\u010f eroz\u00ed, to p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm v hornin\u00e1ch usazen\u00fdch, nebo druhotn\u011b t\u00edm, \u017ee se v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed skalnat\u00e9 celky rozl\u00e1maly a z\u0159\u00edcen\u00e9 bloky skal se o sebe op\u0159ely: tak vznikla nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u011bt\u0161ina \u017eulov\u00fdch skaln\u00edch bran. U n\u00e1s je asi v\u016fbec nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edm z t\u011bchto jev\u016f Prav\u010dick\u00e1 br\u00e1na<\/strong><\/em>, i kdy\u017e ve skute\u010dnosti to nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 p\u0159esn\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed, jedn\u00e1 se sp\u00ed\u0161 o skaln\u00ed most, zat\u00edmco branou lze nazvat nedalekou Malou Prav\u010dickou br\u00e1nu.<\/em><\/strong> Podobn\u011b nep\u0159esn\u00e9 je ozna\u010den\u00ed v\u00e1pencov\u00e9ho \u00fatvaru v \u010cesk\u00e9m krasu \u2014 Jel\u00ednk\u016fv most.<\/em><\/strong> V tomto p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b se jedn\u00e1 sp\u00ed\u0161 o skaln\u00ed okno. Tak se toti\u017e vesm\u011bs ozna\u010duj\u00ed otvory vedouc\u00ed skrz sk\u00e1lu ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ce, nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou p\u0159irozen\u011b v p\u00edskovcov\u00fdch v\u011b\u017e\u00edch. Tunel naopak prob\u00edh\u00e1 skalou sp\u00ed\u0161 v jej\u00ed doln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti.<\/p>\n

Je to tak\u00e9 mnohem vz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jev ne\u017e okno \u2014 jeden z nejv\u00fdrazn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch a nejkr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch skaln\u00edch tunel\u016f je v Tunelov\u00e9 v\u011b\u017ei<\/strong> <\/em>v Tisk\u00fdch st\u011bn\u00e1ch. Jednotliv\u00e9 sk\u00e1ly a v\u011b\u017ee ve v\u011bt\u0161\u00edch celc\u00edch nebo i jednotliv\u00e9 skaln\u00ed bloky v men\u0161\u00edch \u00fatvarech od sebe odd\u011bluj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 sp\u00e1ry, pukliny \u010di o n\u011bco m\u00e1lo \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed skaln\u00ed kom\u00edny (nep\u0159edstavujte si ov\u0161em kom\u00edn ze v\u0161ech stran uzav\u0159en\u00fd, jak zn\u00e1te z domova, b\u00fdv\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou uzav\u0159en\u00fd jen ze dvou stran). Mnoh\u00e9 jsou \u0161irok\u00e9 t\u0159eba jen n\u011bkolik milimetr\u016f \u010di centimetr\u016f, ale ani ty \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed pukliny neb\u00fdvaj\u00ed \u010dasto pro b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho turistu p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00e9. Vznikly prakticky sou\u010dasn\u011b se skalami p\u0159i horotvorn\u00fdch pohybech, eroze je pouze dokon\u010dila a dotvo\u0159ila do dne\u0161n\u00ed podoby. Na rozd\u00edl od toho jsou sout\u011bsky z v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti d\u00edlem eroze, hlavn\u011b vodn\u00ed, kone\u010dn\u011b \u2014 ve velk\u00e9 v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b sout\u011bsek ta voda te\u010de dodnes. V tvrd\u0161\u00edch hornin\u00e1ch je to zcela pravideln\u00e9, nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed jsou sout\u011bsky ve v\u00e1penc\u00edch. V p\u00edskovc\u00edch u\u017e se vodn\u00ed toky \u010dasto vytratily, naleznete je jen n\u011bkde, nap\u0159. v Teplick\u00e9m skaln\u00edm m\u011bst\u011b nebo v okol\u00ed Kamenice.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee by n\u011bkoho mohlo p\u0159ekvapit, \u017ee v\u0161echny ty sk\u00e1ly, a\u0165 u\u017e se jedn\u00e1 o v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed celky nebo i zcela mal\u00e9 skaln\u00ed v\u00fdstupy, jsou u n\u00e1s chr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00e9. Zdaleka to v\u0161ak neb\u00fdv\u00e1 jen pro tu vlastn\u00ed sk\u00e1lu a jej\u00ed kr\u00e1sn\u00fd tvar. D\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 je p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm to, \u017ee tyto mal\u00e9 kousky p\u0159\u00edrody tvo\u0159\u00ed ojedin\u011bl\u00fd biotop, zcela odli\u0161n\u00fd od sv\u00e9ho okol\u00ed. Sk\u00e1ly, stejn\u011b jako pukliny \u010di sout\u011bsky mezi nimi, jsou \u010dasto domovem vz\u00e1cn\u00fdch druh\u016f rostlin a \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jinde prakticky \u017e\u00edt nemohou. Zcela pr\u00e1vem je proto lze za\u0159adit mezi nejvz\u00e1cn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed \u00fazem\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed zem\u011b.<\/p>\n

Z. MARTINOV\u00c1<\/p>\n

\u010casopis ABC<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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