{"id":4041,"date":"2024-11-19T00:51:21","date_gmt":"2024-11-18T23:51:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=4041"},"modified":"2025-07-19T20:23:26","modified_gmt":"2025-07-19T18:23:26","slug":"hadanka-obrovskych-sipu-na-ustyurtske-plosine","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/11\/19\/hadanka-obrovskych-sipu-na-ustyurtske-plosine\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u00e1danka obrovsk\u00fdch \u0161\u00edp\u016f na Ustyurtsk\u00e9 plo\u0161in\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161ina Ustyurt<\/em> je obrovsk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed v hor\u00e1ch Uzbekist\u00e1nu, Kazachst\u00e1nu a Turkmenist\u00e1nu s rozlohou asi 200 000 kilometr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch.<\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u017e do 80. let minul\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed to byla jak\u00e1si archeologick\u00e1 rezervace – \u201epr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 m\u00edsto\u201c na map\u011b historie.<\/p>\n

Ale v roce 1986 se v\u011bdci z Akademie v\u011bd Uzbekist\u00e1nu nakonec rozhodli prozkoumat st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 architektonick\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky ze vzduchu a objevili n\u011bco zcela zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edho. Oblast mezi vesnicemi Sai-Utes a Beineu byla pokryta podivn\u00fdmi kresbami, viditeln\u00fdmi pouze ze vzduchu, kter\u00e9, mimo jin\u00e9, velmi p\u0159ipom\u00ednaly podobn\u00e9 kresby, vzd\u00e1len\u00e9 tis\u00edce kilometr\u016f od tohoto m\u00edsta \u2013 v peru\u00e1nsk\u00e9 pou\u0161ti Nazca.<\/p>\n

\u201e\u0160ipky\u201c v t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nep\u0159etr\u017eit\u00e9m \u0159et\u011bzci se t\u00e1hly od mysu Duan v Aralsk\u00e9m mo\u0159i, hluboko do n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161iny Ustyurt. Li\u0161\u00ed se od sebe trochu tvarem a velikost\u00ed a sm\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na sever. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 je jako vak s prota\u017eenou horn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed se \u0161irok\u00fdm pr\u016fchodem, ke kter\u00e9mu vede vodic\u00ed linie. Horn\u00ed okraje \u201evaku\u201c tvo\u0159\u00ed dv\u011b \u0161ipky se \u0161pi\u010dkami ve tvaru podlouhl\u00e9ho troj\u00faheln\u00edku, do kter\u00fdch vede z t\u011bla \u0161ipky \u00fazk\u00fd pr\u016fchod. Na vrcholc\u00edch troj\u00faheln\u00edku jsou prstence o pr\u016fm\u011bru 10 metr\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b kdysi j\u00e1mami.<\/p>\n

D\u00e9lka ka\u017ed\u00e9ho v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eku je 800\u2013900 metr\u016f a spolu s vodic\u00ed lini\u00ed dosahuje 1 500 metr\u016f, \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka 400\u2013600 metr\u016f, v\u00fd\u0161ka \u201ekresby\u201c z navr\u0161en\u00fdch kamen\u016f dosahuje 80 cm, ale v minulosti byla z\u0159ejm\u011b mnohem vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Cel\u00fd tento syst\u00e9m kreseb na n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b Ustyurt lze vysledovat na plo\u0161e 100 km, ale v\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee je mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed a p\u0159esahuje svou d\u00e9lkou syst\u00e9m z\u00e1hadn\u00fdch kreseb v pou\u0161ti Nazca.<\/p>\n

V\u0161echny \u0161ipky se od sebe m\u00edrn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed – n\u011bkter\u00e9 maj\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 linie, jin\u00e9 jsou konk\u00e1vn\u00ed. Na n\u011bkter\u00fdch kresb\u00e1ch se \u010d\u00e1ry n\u011bkter\u00fdch \u0161ipek p\u0159ekr\u00fdvaj\u00ed s obrysy ostatn\u00edch. To se podle v\u011bdc\u016f vysv\u011btluje skute\u010dnost\u00ed, \u017ee na m\u00edst\u011b star\u00fdch struktur byly postaveny nov\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Na zemi lze \u0161ipku identifikovat podle sotva viditeln\u00e9ho kamenn\u00e9ho h\u0159ebene, ve kter\u00e9m jsou viditeln\u00e9 stopy cementov\u00e9 malty. Z vnit\u0159ku valu byl vykop\u00e1n hlin\u011bn\u00fd p\u0159\u00edkop, ze kter\u00e9ho se vytvo\u0159il val, na kter\u00e9m byl instalov\u00e1n kamenn\u00fd h\u0159eben. Vegetace vzkv\u00e9t\u00e1 pod\u00e9l cel\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edkopu, co\u017e je dob\u0159e vid\u011bt na pozad\u00ed uschl\u00e9 tr\u00e1vy na n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b. Podle t\u011bchto znak\u016f je snadn\u00e9 ur\u010dit obrys \u0161ipky.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. 1 Ustyurtsk\u00e1 plo\u0161ina<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"
\nObr. 2 \u0160ipky na Ustyurtsk\u00e9 planin\u011b<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"
\nObr. 3 \u0160ipky na Ustyurtsk\u00e9 planin\u011b<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"
\nObr. 4 Kresby na n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"
\nObr. 5 Kresby na zemi<\/em><\/p>\n

Ale pro\u010d byly tyto \u0161ipky vytvo\u0159eny?<\/strong><\/p>\n

K objasn\u011bn\u00ed tohoto zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed existuj\u00ed pouze dv\u011b hypot\u00e9zy.<\/p>\n

Ustyurtsk\u00e1 plo\u0161ina je skalnat\u00e1 vrchovina, a proto zde nejsou \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 stromy, otev\u0159en\u00e9 n\u00e1dr\u017ee a \u0159eky, i kdy\u017e z hlubok\u00fdch studn\u00ed lze z\u00edskat m\u00edrn\u011b brakickou vodu. V l\u00e9t\u011b nepr\u0161\u00ed a celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed sr\u00e1\u017eek se sn\u011bhem je a\u017e 150 mm ro\u010dn\u011b. Navzdory tomu sv\u011b\u017e\u00ed zelen\u00e1 tr\u00e1va t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u017edy roste pod\u00e9l \u0161ipek, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee i nyn\u00ed se tam hromad\u00ed v\u00edce vlhkosti. To vedlo v\u011bdce k p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee \u0161ipky p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed starobyl\u00e9 zavla\u017eovac\u00ed struktury. P\u0159\u00edkopy s hradbami na vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stran\u011b zachytily tok vody z cel\u00e9ho vnit\u0159n\u00edho \u00fazem\u00ed a nasm\u011brovaly ji do n\u00ed\u017ee um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed ve tvaru \u0161ipky. Prstencov\u00e9 prohlubn\u011b v roz\u00edch troj\u00faheln\u00edk\u016f (d\u0159\u00edve hlubok\u00e9 j\u00e1my) slou\u017eily jako n\u00e1dr\u017ee na vodu.<\/p>\n

Archeolog Vadim Nikolajevi\u010d Jagodin z Akademie v\u011bd Uzbekist\u00e1nu, podle nalezen\u00fdch fragment\u016f keramiky, datovan\u00fdch do 7.-8. stolet\u00ed n.l. a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdch v pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed kulturn\u00ed vrstv\u011b, p\u0159i\u0159azuje toto datum k horn\u00ed hranici obdob\u00ed vzniku \u0161ipek, ale kde je spodn\u00ed hranice, to nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mo.<\/p>\n

Ale dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdec, archeolog Lev Leonidovi\u010d Galkin, vedouc\u00ed Vol\u017esko-Uralsk\u00e9 expedice, v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee \u0161ipky jsou starod\u00e1vn\u00e9 ohrady pro dobytek. Ko\u010dovn\u00edci je naz\u00fdvali \u201epera arans\u201c. Podle Galkina ko\u010dovn\u00e9 kmeny za\u010daly vytv\u00e1\u0159et arans ji\u017e v 14. \u2013 12. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, tedy v dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9. Datum bylo stanoveno pomoc\u00ed kamenn\u00e9ho hrotu \u0161\u00edpu, nalezen\u00e9ho mezi kameny vytvo\u0159en\u00e9ho valu. Zat\u00edm pro to ale neexistuj\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed d\u016fkazy.<\/p>\n

Ve stejn\u00e9 oblasti se toti\u017e nach\u00e1z\u00ed lokalita zvan\u00e1 Kalamkas. Je pojmenov\u00e1na po d\u00edvce, kter\u00e1 podle legend zem\u0159ela uvnit\u0159 ohrady muflon\u016f, a spadla do j\u00e1my se zv\u00ed\u0159aty. Tradice stavby aran podle m\u00edstn\u00edch obyvatel existovala a\u017e do 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy se po n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b Ustyurt potulovala obrovsk\u00e9 st\u00e1da saig, horsk\u00fdch ovc\u00ed, kulan\u016f a divok\u00fdch kon\u00ed – tarpan\u016f. A proto i tyto \u0161ipky mohly b\u00fdt ohrady pro tato zv\u00ed\u0159ata.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nObr. 6 Kresby na n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"
\nObr. 7 \u0160ipky v prvn\u00edm novinov\u00e9m \u010dl\u00e1nku<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\" <\/em>
\nObr. 8 Starov\u011bk\u00e9 kresby<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161ina Ustyurt<\/strong><\/p>\n

se nach\u00e1z\u00ed mezi poloostrovem Mangy\u0161lak a z\u00e1tokou Kara-Bogaz-Gol, Aralsk\u00fdm mo\u0159em a pou\u0161t\u011bmi Kara-Kum a Kyzyl-Kum. V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161ina stoup\u00e1 nad planinu o 180 – 300 metr\u016f. Okraje n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161iny se naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed chinks a m\u016f\u017eete na n\u011b vyl\u00e9zt jen na ur\u010dit\u00fdch m\u00edstech. Hlavn\u00ed krajinou n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161iny je pou\u0161\u0165 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 bez vegetace nebo vody. Podzemn\u00ed voda, nalezen\u00e1 v t\u011bchto sedimentech je slan\u00e1 a nepitn\u00e1, krom\u011b n\u011bkolika zn\u00e1m\u00fdch studn\u00ed. Jsou zde tuh\u00e9 zimy a spaluj\u00edc\u00ed l\u00e9ta, kdy v\u0161e vysych\u00e1 v\u0161e \u017eiv\u00e9. A vy\u010derp\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00edtr neust\u00e1le fouk\u00e1 r\u016fzn\u00fdmi sm\u011bry.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\nObr. 9 Ustyurtsk\u00e1 plo\u0161ina<\/em><\/p>\n

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\nObr. 10 Kamenn\u00e9 koule na \u00fapat\u00ed planiny<\/em><\/p>\n

Kamenn\u00e9 koule<\/strong><\/p>\n

Je zde o dal\u0161\u00ed zvl\u00e1\u0161tnost. Kdysi v d\u00e1vn\u00fdch dob\u00e1ch byl na tomto m\u00edst\u011b oce\u00e1n Tethys. Na n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b lze vid\u011bt shluky mu\u0161l\u00ed. Mo\u0159e tak\u00e9 p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed kamenn\u00e9 koule – \u017eelezo-manganov\u00e9 uzliny, vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 na dn\u011b mo\u0159e a nalezen\u00e9 na spodn\u00ed \u00farovni reli\u00e9fu. Kdy\u017e sk\u00e1ly kolem nich zv\u011btraly, objevily se koule na povrchu n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161iny. V\u00e1pencov\u00e9 svahy n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161iny nyn\u00ed p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b okouzluj\u00edc\u00ed pohled, jako fantastick\u00fd sv\u011bt jin\u00e9 reality.<\/p>\n

A na t\u011bchto m\u00edstech kdysi \u017eili starov\u011bc\u00ed lid\u00e9, a zrodila se zde n\u00e1m nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 kultura.<\/p>\n

A co starov\u011bc\u00ed stavitel\u00e9 t\u011bchto \u0161\u00edp\u016f? Bylo nalezeno obrovsk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed tajemn\u00fdch jedine\u010dn\u00fdch struktur a poh\u0159ebi\u0161\u0165 starov\u011bk\u00fdch nom\u00e1d\u016f, nepochybn\u011b n\u011bjak spojen\u00fdch se staviteli \u0161\u00edp\u016f. Ve v\u00fdsledku byla objevena d\u0159\u00edve nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 starod\u00e1vn\u00e1 nom\u00e1dsk\u00e1 kultura Ustyurt. Ale kdo byli tito lid\u00e9?<\/p>\n

Odpov\u011bdi na tyto ot\u00e1zky teprve p\u0159ijdou.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161ina Ustyurt je obrovsk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed v hor\u00e1ch Uzbekist\u00e1nu, Kazachst\u00e1nu a Turkmenist\u00e1nu s rozlohou asi 200 000 kilometr\u016f \u010dtvere\u010dn\u00edch.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":450,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[41,49,81],"class_list":["post-4041","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-archeologie","tag-asie","tag-geoglyfy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4041","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4041"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4041\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4053,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4041\/revisions\/4053"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/450"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4041"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4041"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4041"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}