{"id":3922,"date":"2024-12-06T00:20:09","date_gmt":"2024-12-05T23:20:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=3922"},"modified":"2025-06-01T23:35:55","modified_gmt":"2025-06-01T21:35:55","slug":"myty-a-tragedie-olympiad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/12\/06\/myty-a-tragedie-olympiad\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fdty a trag\u00e9die olympi\u00e1d"},"content":{"rendered":"

Od vzniku olympijsk\u00fdch her nikdy ne\u0161lo jen o sportovn\u00ed utk\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trag\u00e9die a zni\u010den\u00e9 osudy, nespravedliv\u00e9 rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed a machinace r\u016fzn\u00fdch sud\u00ed \u2013 to, bohu\u017eel, v\u017edy doprov\u00e1zelo tento vrcholn\u00fd sportovn\u00ed sv\u00e1tek.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed ze zn\u00e1m\u00fdch skand\u00e1l\u016f p\u0159i starov\u011bk\u00fdch \u0159eck\u00fdch olympijsk\u00fdch hr\u00e1ch byly spojeny s vra\u017edami. Podle starov\u011bk\u00e9 \u0159eck\u00e9 mytologie, box vynalezl syn Dia,<\/em> zlatovlas\u00fd b\u016fh Apollon.<\/em> \u0158ekov\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee tento druh sout\u011b\u017en\u00edho boje je nejstar\u0161\u00ed. Podle olympijsk\u00fdch pravidel star\u00e9ho \u0158ecka bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 d\u00e1vat \u00fadery jen do hlavy. Za i ne\u00famysln\u00fd z\u00e1sah na trup \u010dekala borce odplata ze strany publika: p\u00edskot, posm\u011bch a ur\u00e1\u017eky.<\/p>\n

Rozd\u011blen\u00ed do v\u00e1hov\u00fdch kategori\u00ed neexistovalo. V\u00fdsledek boje byl zn\u00e1m tehdy, kdy\u017e jeden z boxer\u016f upadl, vzty\u010dil ruku s vy\u010dn\u00edvaj\u00edc\u00edm prstem, nebyl-li rovnou knokautov\u00e1n. Pokud oba bojovn\u00edci byli tak vy\u010derpan\u00ed, \u017ee ji\u017e nemohli pokra\u010dovat v boji, pak soudce (ellanodik) p\u0159ik\u00e1zal tomu, na koho padl \u0161\u0165astn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed los, d\u00e1t soupe\u0159i posledn\u00ed \u00fader.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed boxe\u0159i, jak p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed historici, bojovali hol\u00fdma rukama. V klasick\u00e9m obdob\u00ed \u2013 v V. a IV. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem \u2013 boxe\u0159i si propl\u00e9tali prsty a dlan\u011b m\u011bkk\u00fdm ko\u017een\u00fdm opaskem z hov\u011bziny. Takov\u00fd p\u0159edch\u016fdce modern\u00edch boxersk\u00fdch rukavic se naz\u00fdval latinsky Cestus<\/em> – od slovesa caedere,<\/em> „b\u00edt, porazit, d\u00e1t \u00fader.“ \u0158ekov\u00e9 rukavicemi – naz\u00fdvan\u00fdmi gimantes<\/em> – bojovali na olympijsk\u00fdch hr\u00e1ch od roku 648 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. Takov\u00e9 rukavice ochr\u00e1nily nejen prsty, ale tak\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161ily s\u00edlu n\u00e1razu. N\u011bkdy boxe\u0159i vyztu\u017eili popruhy kovov\u00fdmi desti\u010dkami, a pak se stalo, \u017ee nep\u0159\u00edtel po \u00faderu zem\u0159el.<\/p>\n

Antick\u00fd spisovatel Pausani\u00e1s<\/em> (1) uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee na 72. olympijsk\u00fdch hr\u00e1ch (rok 492 p\u0159.n.l.) Cleomedes z Astypalaia<\/em>, ostrova v Egejsk\u00e9m mo\u0159i, zabil Ikka<\/em> z Epidauru.<\/em> Proto\u017ee byl zbaven pr\u00e1va b\u00fdt olympijsk\u00fdm v\u00edt\u011bzem, se ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00edk zbl\u00e1znil. Po n\u00e1vratu do rodn\u00e9ho m\u011bsta, ude\u0159il do sloupu, kter\u00fd dr\u017eel st\u0159echu \u0161koly, kde studovalo 60 chlapc\u016f a ta se z\u0159\u00edtila. I tak bylo jm\u00e9no sportovce zaneseno do spisu olympionik\u016f tohoto roku.<\/p>\n

Do IV. stolet\u00ed n. l. se sportovci z amat\u00e9r\u016f p\u0159esunuli do kategorie profesion\u00e1l\u016f. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed se u\u010dili zvy\u0161ovat svalovou s\u00edlu. Jin\u00ed, podobn\u011b jako z\u00e1pasn\u00edci sumo, zvy\u0161ovali t\u011blesnou hmotnost, a stali se ob\u00e9zn\u00edmi. B\u00e1sn\u00edk Euripides<\/em> (2) o tom p\u00ed\u0161e: „Sportovec \u2013 to je otrok sv\u00fdch \u00fast a sv\u00e9ho b\u0159icha.“<\/em> Jeho mlad\u0161\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00edk Democritos<\/em> (3), filozof z Abd\u00e9r,<\/em> k degeneraci um\u011bn\u00ed boxu \u0159ekl: „T\u011blesn\u00e1 s\u00edla \u2013 d\u016fstojnost n\u011bkter\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at, d\u016fstojnost \u010dlov\u011bka – s\u00edla my\u0161lenky.“<\/em> Jen\u017ee \u0158ekov\u00e9 cht\u011bli pod\u00edvanou, a sportovci jim ji poskytovali\u2026<\/p>\n

Horda profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch boxer\u016f vyt\u011bsnila ze sout\u011b\u017e\u00ed prost\u00e9 bojovn\u00edky z \u0159ad roln\u00edk\u016f a \u0159emesln\u00edk\u016f. „Legion\u00e1\u0159i“<\/em> p\u0159inesli do ar\u00e9ny krev, n\u00e1sil\u00ed a, samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, ztr\u00e1tu v\u0161ech z\u00e1bran. Pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b to byl velkolep\u00fd souboj, p\u0159i n\u011bm\u017e jist\u00fd Efridan<\/em> dostal \u00fader takov\u00e9 s\u00edly, \u017ee ztratil v\u0161echny p\u0159edn\u00ed zuby. Borec je v\u0161ak okam\u017eit\u011b spolkl, co\u017e soupe\u0159e zm\u00e1tlo natolik, \u017ee v p\u0159ekvapen\u00ed propustil odvetn\u00fd \u00fader, po kter\u00e9m upadl na zem.<\/p>\n

Anti\u010dt\u00ed sportovci sice nebyli obvi\u0148ov\u00e1ni z pou\u017eit\u00ed dopingu, ale \u00faplatk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed existovalo u\u017e od prvn\u00edch her. Bojovn\u00edk z Thes\u00e1lie jm\u00e9nem Evpal<\/em> byl jako prvn\u00ed odsouzen za upl\u00e1cen\u00ed soupe\u0159e na olympijsk\u00fdch hr\u00e1ch. Pot\u00e9, co dostal k\u00fd\u017een\u00fd olivov\u00fd v\u011bnec, se uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee dal pen\u00edze t\u0159em sv\u00fdm soupe\u0159\u016fm.<\/p>\n

Jeho jm\u00e9no se zachovalo do na\u0161ich dob proto, proto\u017ee nebylo odstran\u011bno ze seznamu olympionik\u016f 98. Olympi\u00e1dy (rok 388 p\u0159.n.l.). Ze z\u00e1pisu vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee sportovec si zajistil v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed \u00faplatkem, ale za trest musel zaplatit postaven\u00ed \u0161esti soch olympsk\u00e9ho boha Dia v Altise. Na podstavci soch musel b\u00fdt varovn\u00fd n\u00e1pis: „V\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed s\u00edla a um, nikoli \u00faplatk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed.“<\/em> Bohu\u017eel to nen\u00ed jedin\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad \u00faplatk\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed, kter\u00fd se dochoval dodnes. A kolik p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f z\u016fstalo utajeno tehdej\u0161\u00edm lidem?<\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasnosti mili\u00f3ny div\u00e1k\u016f sleduj\u00ed na sv\u00fdch obrazovk\u00e1ch zahajovac\u00ed ceremoni\u00e1l olympijsk\u00fdch her. D\u00edvky v r\u00e1doby staro\u0159eck\u00e9m oble\u010den\u00ed se pod\u00edl\u00ed na za\u017eehnut\u00ed olympijsk\u00e9ho plamene… To nen\u00ed ani n\u00e1hodou starov\u011bk\u00fd mystick\u00fd ritu\u00e1l, kter\u00fd k n\u00e1m p\u0159i\u0161el z hlubin v\u011bk\u016f. Poprv\u00e9 tento ritu\u00e1l s p\u0159inesen\u00edm pochodn\u011b z Olympie p\u0159ipravili nacist\u00e9 v roce 1936, pro zah\u00e1jen\u00ed slavn\u00fdch olympijsk\u00fdch her v Berl\u00edn\u011b, a byl zaznamen\u00e1n na film nem\u00e9n\u011b slavnou Leni Riefenstahlovou.<\/em> Ritu\u00e1l se l\u00edbil natolik, \u017ee je opakov\u00e1n dodnes.<\/p>\n

\u010clov\u011bk um\u00ed velmi rychle prom\u011bnit jak\u00fdkoliv skv\u011bl\u00fd n\u00e1pad nejprve v jeho vlastn\u00ed karikaturu, a pot\u00e9 jej \u00fapln\u011b p\u0159evr\u00e1tit ve sv\u016fj protiklad. To plat\u00ed i pro modern\u00ed olympijsk\u00e9 hnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 o\u017eivil Pierre de Coubertin<\/em> (4). To se brzy zm\u011bnilo z triumfu sportu na p\u0159ehl\u00eddku a hru pytl\u016f s pen\u011bzi a koloto\u010de reklam.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pausani%C3%A1s<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eur%C3%ADpid%C3%A9s<\/a> <\/em>
\n(3) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/D%C3%A9mokritos<\/a><\/em>
\n(4) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_de_Coubertin<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Od vzniku olympijsk\u00fdch her nikdy ne\u0161lo jen o sportovn\u00ed utk\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1591,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[41,24,27],"class_list":["post-3922","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-archeologie","tag-evropa","tag-kritika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3922","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3922"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3922\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3925,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3922\/revisions\/3925"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1591"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3922"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3922"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3922"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}