{"id":3670,"date":"2024-09-22T00:58:32","date_gmt":"2024-09-21T22:58:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=3670"},"modified":"2025-03-14T21:20:57","modified_gmt":"2025-03-14T20:20:57","slug":"pet-zajimavych-fakt-o-cernych-dirach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/09\/22\/pet-zajimavych-fakt-o-cernych-dirach\/","title":{"rendered":"P\u011bt zaj\u00edmav\u00fdch fakt o \u010dern\u00fdch d\u00edr\u00e1ch"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Co v\u00edme o tomto \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9m fenom\u00e9nu?<\/strong><!--more--><br \/>\n<em>Stephen Hawking<\/em> (1), g\u00e9nius modern\u00ed fyziky, prohl\u00e1sil: \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry jsou mo\u017en\u00e1 dve\u0159e do alternativn\u00edho vesm\u00edru. V\u00edme, \u017ee hmota v nich nemiz\u00ed, ale cestuje do jin\u00e9ho vesm\u00edru! Co je\u0161t\u011b v\u00edme o tomto \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9m fenom\u00e9nu?<\/p>\n<p><em>Kip Thorne<\/em> (2), nem\u00e9n\u011b slavn\u00fd fyzik, shrnul poznatky o \u010dern\u00fdch d\u00edr\u00e1ch ve filmu <em>&#8222;Interstellar&#8220;<\/em> a v knize <em>&#8222;Interstellar. V\u011bda v z\u00e1kulis\u00ed.&#8220;<\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u010cern\u00e9 d\u00edry jsou je\u0161t\u011b m\u00e1lo prozkoum\u00e1ny, ale d\u00edky Einsteinov\u011b teorii relativity, byli v\u011bdci schopni p\u0159edv\u00eddat a vypo\u010d\u00edtat jejich vzhled, velikost a dal\u0161\u00ed fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed vlastnosti. Nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je, \u017ee posledn\u00ed poznatky z kosmick\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu potvrdily tyto v\u00fdpo\u010dty.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u010cern\u00e1 d\u00edra se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z &#8222;ni\u010deho&#8220;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra vznikla pot\u00e9, co hv\u011bzda \u00fapln\u011b vyho\u0159ela sv\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 palivo (k \u010demu\u017e si udr\u017euje svou teplotu a\u017e 100 000\u00b0 C) a doch\u00e1z\u00ed ke &#8222;kolapsu&#8220;. Tento &#8222;kolaps&#8220; zachycuje \u010das a prostor, ale zkresluje ho: uvnit\u0159 \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry nen\u00ed hmota, jen pouze kroucen\u00fd &#8211; jako zma\u010dkan\u00fd kus pap\u00edru &#8211; \u010das a prostor. Pro lep\u0161\u00ed pochopen\u00ed tohoto stavu si p\u0159edstavte mravence, kter\u00fd \u017eije na trampol\u00edn\u011b. Kdy\u017e se na trampol\u00ednu d\u00e1 k\u00e1men, bude se proh\u00fdbat, ale mravenec je p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mal\u00fd na to, aby to zpozoroval. Ale s pomoc\u00ed fyziky m\u016f\u017ee m\u011b\u0159it trampol\u00ednu &#8211; jeho vesm\u00edr &#8211; a zjistit, \u017ee je zak\u0159iven\u00e1. \u010cas je prost\u011b zak\u0159iven podle z\u00e1kon\u016f, kter\u00e9 objevil Einsteina. A tu samou hv\u011bzdu d\u00edra spolkla.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>V bl\u00edzkosti \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry lid\u00e9 nest\u00e1rnou<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>P\u0159edpokl\u00e1dejme, \u017ee existuje zp\u016fsob, jak p\u0159iv\u00e9st \u010dlov\u011bka k \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00ed\u0159e, a zajistit, aby nepohltila celou lo\u010f. Pokud by byli lid\u00e9 v bl\u00edzkosti \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry, zest\u00e1rli by jen o p\u00e1r hodin, zat\u00edmco na Zemi by uplynuly cel\u00e9 roky. A to proto, \u017ee \u010das v bl\u00edzkosti \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry plyne velmi pomalu, sotva se vle\u010de.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u010cern\u00e1 d\u00edra m\u016f\u017ee zni\u010dit planet\u00e1rn\u00ed syst\u00e9m<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>V okol\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra, co\u017e je na\u0161e \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. V bl\u00edzkosti \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry je velmi siln\u00e1 gravitace, co\u017e by nutn\u011b ovlivnilo ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy planet. Bu\u010f by je to p\u0159it\u00e1hlo bl\u00ed\u017ee ke Slunci, nebo zase odt\u00e1hlo daleko od zdroje tepla centr\u00e1ln\u00ed hv\u011bzdy, a\u017e by je to odtrhlo od planet\u00e1rn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu a staly by se v\u011bzn\u011bm \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u010cern\u00e1 d\u00edra m\u016f\u017ee urychlit objekty a\u017e do rychlosti sv\u011btla<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pokud se chcete dostat do jin\u00e9 galaxie t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 rychlost\u00ed sv\u011btla, m\u016f\u017ee v\u00e1m pomoci dvojit\u00e1 \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra &#8211; p\u00e1r \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br ob\u00edhaj\u00edc\u00edch kolem sebe navz\u00e1jem. Sta\u010d\u00ed ob\u00edhat na ob\u011b\u017en\u00e9 dr\u00e1ze kolem t\u011bchto \u010dern\u00fdch d\u011br &#8211; jako artista kdy\u017e jede na kole dokola, vyva\u017euje, aby udr\u017eel rovnov\u00e1hu. P\u0159i p\u0159eletu od jedn\u00e9 d\u00edry k druh\u00e9, lo\u010f z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed rychlost. A kdy\u017e dos\u00e1hne t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 rychlosti sv\u011btla, opust\u00ed ob\u011b\u017enou dr\u00e1hu a m\u016f\u017ee odlet\u011bt ke sv\u00e9mu c\u00edli \u2013 hv\u011bzd\u011b nebo sousedn\u00ed galaxii.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Pro\u010d se \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra jmenuje &#8222;\u010dern\u00e1&#8220;<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>I kdy\u017e \u010dern\u00e1 d\u00edra neobsahuje hmotu, m\u00e1 povrch &#8211; &#8222;horizont ud\u00e1lost\u00ed.&#8220; Je to sv\u00e9ho druhu hranice, p\u0159es kterou u\u017e nic nem\u016f\u017ee uniknout &#8211; \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 r\u00e1diov\u00e9 vlny, ani \u010d\u00e1stice sv\u011btla, pohybuj\u00edc\u00ed se b\u011b\u017enou rychlost\u00ed. Proto se jmenuje &#8222;\u010dern\u00e1&#8220;. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, ned\u00e1vno S. Hawking sd\u011blil, \u017ee hmota nespadne do d\u00edry, ale z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 na horizontu ud\u00e1lost\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e zpochyb\u0148uje z\u00e1v\u011br, \u017ee z \u010dern\u00e9 d\u00edry se nelze vymanit.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>(1) <a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Hawking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stephen_Hawking<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>(2) <a href=\"https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kip_Thorne\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kip_Thorne<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Co v\u00edme o tomto \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9m fenom\u00e9nu?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3671,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,19],"tags":[59],"class_list":["post-3670","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-veda","category-zahady","tag-vesmir"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3670","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3670"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3670\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3672,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3670\/revisions\/3672"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3671"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3670"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3670"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3670"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}