{"id":3609,"date":"2024-09-19T00:00:51","date_gmt":"2024-09-18T22:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=3609"},"modified":"2026-05-01T23:05:53","modified_gmt":"2026-05-01T21:05:53","slug":"tajna-tragedie-v-cernobylu-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/09\/19\/tajna-tragedie-v-cernobylu-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Tajn\u00e1 trag\u00e9die v \u010cernobylu-2"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00e1zev m\u011bsta \u010cernobyl po velk\u00e9 katastrof\u011b v m\u00edrumilovn\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rn\u011b okam\u017eit\u011b ob\u011bhl cel\u00fd sv\u011bt a stal se v\u0161ude pojmem.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ale o jeho dvoj\u010deti – \u010cernobylu-2 – a\u017e dosud sly\u0161elo jen velmi m\u00e1lo lid\u00ed. A\u010dkoli toto m\u011bsto, jak asi tu\u0161\u00edte, se nach\u00e1z\u00ed hned vedle n\u011bj.<\/p>\n

Radar \u201eDuga-1\u201c nad obzorem<\/strong><\/p>\n

A co v\u00edc, prakticky nikdo pot\u00e9 nesly\u0161el, \u017ee se zde nach\u00e1zela radarov\u00e1 stanice (ZGRLS) syst\u00e9mu v\u010dasn\u00e9 detekce (SROP) mezikontinent\u00e1ln\u00edch balistick\u00fdch raket (ICBM) 5N32 neboli \u201eDuga-1\u201c.<\/p>\n

A\u017e do poloviny 80. let umo\u017e\u0148oval tento p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b tajn\u00fd objekt sledov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u0161ech vysoko let\u00edc\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f na vzd\u00e1lenosti od 900 do 3000 kilometr\u016f ve st\u0159edn\u00edch zem\u011bpisn\u00fdch \u0161\u00ed\u0159k\u00e1ch a v cirkumpol\u00e1rn\u00ed oblasti. S pomoc\u00ed nejmocn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ultramodern\u00edch radar\u016f v t\u00e9 dob\u011b se arm\u00e1da dok\u00e1zala v nejp\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm smyslu slova d\u00edvat za horizont.<\/p>\n

D\u00edky t\u011bmto mo\u017enostem z\u00edskal komplex n\u00e1zev \u201eDuga\u201c (Duha). Byl navr\u017een a vyvinut F. Kuzminsk\u00fdm, E. \u0160tyrenem, E. \u0160ustovem, V. \u0160am\u0161inem a V. Vasjukovem ve V\u011bdeckov\u00fdzkumn\u00e9m \u00fastavu DAR – V\u00fdzkumn\u00e9m \u00fastavu d\u00e1lkov\u00e9 r\u00e1diov\u00e9 komunikace.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

M\u00edrumilovn\u00fd atom – do ka\u017ed\u00e9ho domu a Duha – za horizont<\/strong><\/p>\n

Obyvatel\u00e9 \u010cernobylu pracovali \u010dist\u011b s m\u00edrov\u00fdm atomem. Ale soused\u00e9 – v\u00edce ne\u017e tis\u00edc lid\u00ed – byli bez v\u00fdjimky zapojeni, i kdy\u017e ne p\u0159\u00edmou vojenskou akc\u00ed nebo vytv\u00e1\u0159en\u00edm zbran\u00ed, ale v na\u0161\u00ed dob\u011b je\u0161t\u011b d\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed – vojensk\u00fdm vesm\u00edrn\u00fdm glob\u00e1ln\u00edm zpravodajstv\u00edm. Pozorovan\u00fdm prostorem ale nebyly hv\u011bzdy …<\/p>\n

V 70. letech 20. stolet\u00ed vyvinuli sov\u011bt\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci radarov\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148oval sledovat odp\u00e1len\u00ed balistick\u00fdch raket, i kdy\u017e odstartuj\u00ed z druh\u00e9ho konce Zem\u011b – prakticky za horizontem.<\/p>\n

K tomu v\u0161ak bylo st\u00e1le nutn\u00e9 vybudovat celou s\u00ed\u0165 takov\u00fdch stanic. Komplex Duga-1, postaven\u00fd v \u010dernobylsk\u00fdch les\u00edch, byl prvn\u00ed z t\u00e9to s\u00e9rie. Jedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch argument\u016f p\u0159i v\u00fdb\u011bru m\u00edsta byla p\u0159\u00edtomnost jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rny, proto\u017ee superlok\u00e1tor m\u011bl spot\u0159ebovat ne m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 10 megawatt\u016f elektrick\u00e9 energie.<\/p>\n

N\u00e1klady na stavbu nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00edho super v\u00fdkonn\u00e9ho radaru v r\u016fzn\u00fdch zdroj\u00edch jsou pak ozna\u010deny odli\u0161n\u011b. Je tak\u00e9 zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee \u201eDuga-1\u201c stoj\u00ed dvakr\u00e1t tolik ne\u017e \u010dernobylsk\u00e1 jadern\u00e1 elektr\u00e1rna.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 analogy a alternativy<\/strong><\/p>\n

Osada \u010cernobyl-2, kter\u00e1 rychle rostla v bl\u00edzkosti p\u0159\u00edsn\u011b tajn\u00e9ho stavebn\u00edho projektu dokon\u010den\u00e9ho v rekordn\u00edm \u010dase, ob\u00fdvalo, jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, asi tis\u00edc obyvatel. V\u0161ichni pracovali na stanici ZGRLS, kter\u00e1 krom\u011b vybaven\u00ed sest\u00e1vala ze dvou ob\u0159\u00edch ant\u00e9n – n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00ed a vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Soud\u011b podle obraz\u016f z vesm\u00edru byla d\u00e9lka n\u00edzkofrekven\u010dn\u00ed ant\u00e9ny 460 metr\u016f, v\u00fd\u0161ka t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 150 m. D\u00e9lka vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed ant\u00e9ny byla 230 metr\u016f a v\u00fd\u0161ka 100 m. Tento jedine\u010dn\u00fd z\u00e1zrak in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed nem\u011bl ve sv\u011bt\u011b \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd analog (ant\u00e9ny jsou dnes demontov\u00e1ny pouze \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b), a sv\u00fdm sign\u00e1lem pokrylo t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 celou planetu a dok\u00e1zal okam\u017eit\u011b detekovat vypu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed balistick\u00fdch raket z jak\u00e9hokoli kontinentu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1pad si st\u011b\u017euje<\/strong><\/p>\n

Je pravda, \u017ee bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po uveden\u00ed syst\u00e9mu do zku\u0161ebn\u00edho provozu 31. kv\u011btna 1982 do\u0161lo k ur\u010dit\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm. Radar zachytil pouze pom\u011brn\u011b velkou skupinu c\u00edl\u016f. To by mohlo sta\u010dit v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dostate\u010dn\u011b masivn\u00edho \u00faderu nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch raket. Nebyl schopen vystopovat jednotliv\u00e9 st\u0159ely.<\/p>\n

Za druh\u00e9, mnoho z frekvenc\u00ed, na nich\u017e ZGRLS fungovaly, vyu\u017e\u00edvaly tak\u00e9 civiln\u00ed slu\u017eby, a to nejen v SSSR, ale tak\u00e9 v jin\u00fdch st\u00e1tech, jejich\u017e p\u0159edstavitel\u00e9 si brzy za\u010dali st\u011b\u017eovat na v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 ru\u0161en\u00ed provozu r\u00e1diov\u00fdch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e byla stanice zapnuta, t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b za\u010dalo zn\u00edt charakteristick\u00e9 klep\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ehlu\u0161ilo vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed vys\u00edla\u010de a dokonce i telefonn\u00ed hovory. A co je obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b nep\u0159\u00edjemn\u00e9 – navzdory nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edmu utajen\u00ed se z\u00e1padn\u00ed speci\u00e1ln\u00ed slu\u017eby tohoto p\u0159\u00edpadu rychle ujaly, nazvaly ZGRLS \u201erusk\u00fdm datlem\u201c a dokonce si n\u00e1rokovaly opat\u0159en\u00ed na omezen\u00ed provozu.<\/p>\n

Konec<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00e1roky byly opravdu zohledn\u011bny a p\u0159ijaty opat\u0159en\u00ed. V\u011bdci zah\u00e1jili modernizaci radaru, aby eliminovali ru\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed bojov\u00e9 schopnosti syst\u00e9mu. Do roku 1985 byly v\u0161echny nedostatky odstran\u011bny, u ZGRLS za\u010dala fungovat vysok\u00e1 st\u00e1tn\u00ed inspekce. Pak ale do\u0161lo k \u010dernobylsk\u00e9 katastrof\u011b.<\/p>\n

Stanice byla okam\u017eit\u011b vy\u0159azena z bojov\u00e9 slu\u017eby, ve\u0161ker\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed bylo nal\u00e9hav\u011b zastaveno, a obsluha byla spolu s \u010dleny rodin evakuov\u00e1na ze z\u00f3ny radioaktivn\u00ed kontaminace.<\/p>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed situace a studen\u00e1 v\u00e1lka je v\u0161ak v takov\u00e9m stavu, \u017ee o op\u011btovn\u00e9m spu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed superradaru nemohlo b\u00fdt pochyb. V roce 1987 bylo proto ve\u0161ker\u00e9 cenn\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed odvezeno do Komsomolska na Amuru. Vesnice byla opu\u0161t\u011bna, a\u010dkoli ant\u00e9ny a struktury zde stoj\u00ed dodnes jako p\u0159ipom\u00ednka s\u00edly minul\u00e9 supervelmoci.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u00e1zev m\u011bsta \u010cernobyl po velk\u00e9 katastrof\u011b v m\u00edrumilovn\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 elektr\u00e1rn\u011b okam\u017eit\u011b ob\u011bhl cel\u00fd sv\u011bt a stal se v\u0161ude pojmem.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":418,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,19],"tags":[24,50],"class_list":["post-3609","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-veda","category-zahady","tag-evropa","tag-technika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3609","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3609"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3609\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3613,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3609\/revisions\/3613"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/418"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3609"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3609"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3609"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}