{"id":324,"date":"2023-04-05T00:12:19","date_gmt":"2023-04-04T22:12:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=324"},"modified":"2023-04-17T23:58:28","modified_gmt":"2023-04-17T21:58:28","slug":"kdo-muze-za-vymirani-indianu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2023\/04\/05\/kdo-muze-za-vymirani-indianu\/","title":{"rendered":"Kdo m\u016f\u017ee za vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed Indi\u00e1n\u016f?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee populace p\u016fvodn\u00edch obyvatel Ameriky prudce klesla v XV.-XVI. stolet\u00ed v d\u016fsledku kolonizace Nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Ale ve skute\u010dnosti, vinu nenesou \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed dobyvatel\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jako prvn\u00ed kolonizovali Ameriku, ale b\u00edl\u00ed mision\u00e1\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed zaplavili kontinent v XVII. stolet\u00ed. Tvrd\u00ed to <em>Matthew Liebmann<\/em> z <em>Harvardu<\/em> (1) a jeho kolegov\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Dobyvatel\u00e9 a tuberkul\u00f3za<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Je zn\u00e1m\u00e9, \u017ee p\u0159ed objeven\u00edm Ameriky Kolumbem v roce 1492, zde \u017eilo 20 milion\u016f p\u016fvodn\u00edch obyvatel. Ale v XVII. stolet\u00ed se jejich po\u010det sn\u00ed\u017eil o v\u00edce ne\u017e polovinu. Existuj\u00ed v\u0161ak i je\u0161t\u011b drasti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00ed odhady.<\/p>\n<p>Antropolog <em>Henry F. Dobyns<\/em> (2) v roce 1983 napsal, \u017ee dobyvatel\u00e9 p\u0159inesli s sebou infekce, kter\u00e9 m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 m\u011bli \u017e\u00e1dnou imunitu. Pr\u00e1v\u011b ty vyhladily 95 procent Indi\u00e1n\u016f. Podle jin\u00fdch studi\u00ed, asi 97 procent obyvatel Azt\u00e9ck\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, a asi 90 procent obyvatel Peru zem\u0159elo na evropsk\u00e9 nemoci v prvn\u00edm roce kolonizace.<\/p>\n<p>Jednou z \u00fadajn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din vyhynut\u00ed domorod\u00fdch Ameri\u010dan\u016f je tuberkul\u00f3za, kterou pr\u00fd p\u0159inesli na kontinent Evropan\u00e9. Ale v roce 2014 v ostatc\u00edch Peru\u00e1nc\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed \u017eili ve V.- X. stolet\u00ed na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu, byla tuberkul\u00f3za zji\u0161t\u011bna tak\u00e9. Tak\u017ee v dob\u011b, kdy za\u010dala nov\u00e1 \u00e9ra, v t\u011ble Indi\u00e1n\u016f u\u017e byly protil\u00e1tky proti t\u00e9to nemoci.<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8222;Mluv\u00edc\u00ed&#8220; ostatky<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>T\u00fdm veden\u00fd <em>dr. Libmannem<\/em> se rozhodl hledat dal\u0161\u00ed spolehliv\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o tom, zda existuje p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd vztah masov\u00e9ho vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed indi\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho obyvatelstva s p\u0159\u00edchodem prvn\u00edch evropsk\u00fdch osadn\u00edk\u016f. Za t\u00edm \u00fa\u010delem v\u011bdci zkoumali lidsk\u00e9 ostatky a zbytky os\u00eddlen\u00ed d\u00e1vn\u00fdch Indi\u00e1n\u016f, zachoval\u00fdch ve st\u00e1t\u011b Nov\u00e9 Mexiko.<\/p>\n<p>Za pomoci nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edch technologi\u00ed, zejm\u00e9na prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm laserov\u00fdch radar\u016f bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 prozkoumat vrstvy zeminy a z\u00edskat obraz o tom, co tam skr\u00fdv\u00e1. D\u00edky tomu bylo mo\u017eno odhadnout velikost ka\u017ed\u00e9 osady a spo\u010d\u00edtat p\u0159ibli\u017en\u00fd po\u010det obyvatel. V\u011bdci byli schopni ur\u010dit moment po\u010d\u00e1tku vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed domorodc\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem odborn\u00edci zjistili, \u017ee po\u010d\u00e1tek z\u00e1niku indi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch kmen\u016f se nekryje s p\u0159\u00edchodem dobyvatel\u016f, ale datuje se kolem roku 1620. V p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch 60 letech se po\u010det domorod\u00e9ho obyvatelstva sn\u00ed\u017eil a\u017e o 86 procent. V\u011bt\u0161ina s\u00eddel se stala pust\u00fdch.<\/p>\n<p>To vedlo ke konkr\u00e9tn\u00edm dopad\u016fm na \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee Indi\u00e1ni p\u0159estali k\u00e1cet a vypalovat lesy, ty se obnovily. Stromy, pohlcuj\u00ed atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd, pr\u016fm\u011brn\u00e1 teplota poklesla, a nastoupilo chladn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed obdob\u00ed, kter\u00e9 trvalo zhruba od XVI. do XVIII. stolet\u00ed. To se shoduje s celosv\u011btovou &#8222;<em>malou dobou ledovou<\/em>&#8222;, ale pokud by p\u016fvodn\u00ed obyvatelstvo Ameriky nevym\u0159elo, zm\u011bny klimatu by byly m\u00e9n\u011b n\u00e1padn\u00e9&#8230;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Nebezpe\u010dn\u00ed mision\u00e1\u0159i<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tak\u017ee, pokud n\u011bkdo m\u011bl vinu za <em>&#8222;vyhlazen\u00ed&#8220;<\/em> Indi\u00e1n\u016f, pak ji nemohli m\u00edt \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed dobyvatel\u00e9: katastrofa postihla domorod\u00e9 obyvatelstvo mnohem pozd\u011bji, kdy\u017e kolonizace byla ji\u017e v pln\u00e9m proudu&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>V \u010dl\u00e1nku, publikovan\u00e9m v \u010dasopisu <em>\u201eProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences\u201c<\/em>, harvard\u0161t\u00ed v\u011bdci p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee skute\u010dn\u00fdmi vin\u00edky byli katoli\u010dt\u00ed mision\u00e1\u0159i. Ti za\u010dali aktivn\u011b pronikat do Nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta v letech 1621-1626, a kontaktovali se s m\u00edstn\u00edm obyvatelstvem mnohem v\u00edce, ne\u017e samotn\u00ed dobyvatel\u00e9&#8230; (2)<\/p>\n<p>Mision\u00e1\u0159i tak\u00e9 prov\u00e1d\u011bli hromadn\u00e9 ob\u0159ady k\u0159t\u016f, kter\u00e9 mohly p\u0159isp\u011bt k \u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed infek\u010dn\u00edch chorob. Krom\u011b toho Indi\u00e1ni mohli zem\u0159\u00edt v d\u016fsledku masov\u00fdch konflikt\u016f mezi t\u011bmi skupinami, kter\u00e9 konvertovali ke k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed, a t\u011bmi, kte\u0159\u00ed z\u016fstali v\u011brni tradici sv\u00fdch p\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>A p\u0159esto, s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed, kolonizace Ameriky byla impulsem pro hromadn\u00e9 vym\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fvodn\u00edch obyvatel. Evropan\u00e9 aktivn\u011b zasahovali do jejich \u017eivot\u016f, prosadili sv\u00e1 vlastn\u00ed pravidla a svou vlastn\u00ed kulturu, z v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti ignoruj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1jmy domorodc\u016f. Nen\u00ed divu, \u017ee se pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 fr\u00e1ze <em>&#8222;dobyt\u00ed Ameriky.&#8220;<\/em> Ano, bylo to pr\u00e1v\u011b dobyt\u00ed: b\u00edl\u00ed lid\u00e9 porazili m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatelstvo, vytla\u010dili je do rezervac\u00ed, a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b odporu je fyzicky vyhubili&#8230; Na zachov\u00e1n\u00ed domorod\u00e9ho obyvatelstva nem\u011bli z\u00e1jem.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>(1) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.fas.harvard.edu\/~liebarch\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.fas.harvard.edu\/~liebarch\/<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(2) <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_F._Dobyns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_F._Dobyns<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(3) Matthew J. Liebmann a kol.: Native American depopulation, reforestation, and fire regimes in the Southwest United States, 1492\u20131900 CE, online: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/113\/6\/E696.abstract\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.pnas.org\/content\/113\/6\/E696.abstract<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>P\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee populace p\u016fvodn\u00edch obyvatel Ameriky prudce klesla v XV.-XVI. stolet\u00ed v d\u016fsledku kolonizace Nov\u00e9ho sv\u011bta.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":325,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,17],"tags":[53,54],"class_list":["post-324","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-veda","tag-amerika","tag-indiani"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/324","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=324"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/324\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":326,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/324\/revisions\/326"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/325"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=324"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=324"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=324"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}