{"id":320,"date":"2023-04-04T00:10:43","date_gmt":"2023-04-03T22:10:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=320"},"modified":"2023-04-17T23:58:42","modified_gmt":"2023-04-17T21:58:42","slug":"napsal-voynichuv-rukopis-indian","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2023\/04\/04\/napsal-voynichuv-rukopis-indian\/","title":{"rendered":"Napsal Voynich\u016fv rukopis Indi\u00e1n?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Voynich\u016fv rukopis<\/em> \u2013 kniha v nezn\u00e1m\u00e9m jazyce, pojmenovan\u00e1 pro antikv\u00e1\u0159i a bibliofilovi Wilfriedu Michaelu Voynichovi,<\/em> kter\u00fd ji z\u00edskal v roce 1912, je jednou z nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00edch kryptografick\u00fdch h\u00e1danek.<\/strong>
\nJedna z posledn\u00edch hypot\u00e9z \u0159\u00edk\u00e1, \u017ee tento text by mohl b\u00fdt naps\u00e1n jedn\u00edm z dnes ji\u017e mrtv\u00fdch indi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f St\u0159edn\u00ed Ameriky.<\/p>\n

Kolektor polsko-litevsk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, man\u017eel slavn\u00e9 spisovatelky Ethel Lilian Boole<\/em>, autorky rom\u00e1nu „Gadfly\u201c, Wilfrid M. Voynich<\/em>, na\u0161el b\u011bhem sv\u00e9ho lond\u00fdnsk\u00e9ho p\u016fsoben\u00ed podivn\u00fd rukopis v knihovn\u011b jezuitsk\u00e9 koleje v severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii.<\/p>\n

Byl naps\u00e1n v nezn\u00e1m\u00e9m jazyce a nezn\u00e1m\u00fdm p\u00edsmem, \u00fadajn\u011b v obdob\u00ed let 1404 – 1438. Obsah tohoto rukopisu, i p\u0159es \u010detn\u00e9 pokusy, je st\u00e1le nemo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst. Z\u00e1jem o tento tajemn\u00fd artefakt a jeho obsah projevila i americk\u00e1 N\u00e1rodn\u00ed bezpe\u010dnostn\u00ed agentura NSA (National Security Agency<\/em>).<\/p>\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 jsou p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010deni, \u017ee Voynich\u016fv rukopis<\/em> je dovedn\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00fd falzifik\u00e1t. Mystifikace se \u010dasto v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch objevovaly, a proto je opatrnost zcela na m\u00edst\u011b. Fakta jsou n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd d\u016fkaz o existenci rukopisu p\u0159ed lety 1576-1612, kdy se objevuj\u00ed nesourod\u00e9 informace o tom, \u017ee je uchov\u00e1v\u00e1n na pra\u017esk\u00e9m dvo\u0159e c\u00edsa\u0159e Svat\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 Rudolfa II. Habsbursk\u00e9ho (1552-1612).<\/p>\n

Ameri\u010dt\u00ed botanici Arthur O. Tucker<\/em> a Rexford H. Talberte<\/em> na webu HerbalGram,<\/em> vyd\u00e1van\u00e9m neziskovou organizac\u00ed Americk\u00e1 botanick\u00e1 rada (American Botanical Council)<\/em>, vyslovili sv\u016fj n\u00e1zor na rukopis z pohledu botaniky a chemie. (1) Dali se, na rozd\u00edl od lingvist\u016f a kryptograf\u016f, do zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed ilustrac\u00ed, ne\u017e do lu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed p\u00edsma a slov.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci zjistili nap\u0159. podobnost vyobrazen\u00ed s rostlinou xiuhamolli \/ xiuhhamolli (pod\u010dele\u010f ag\u00e1ve) popsan\u00e9 tak\u00e9 v Libellus de medicinalibus indorum herbis („Mal\u00e1 kniha o indi\u00e1nsk\u00fdch l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch rostlin\u00e1ch“<\/em>, zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jako „Azt\u00e9ck\u00fd bylink\u00e1\u0159“<\/em> z roku 1552), kter\u00e1 obsahuje vyobrazen\u00ed a popisy l\u00e9\u010div\u00fdch rostlin pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v p\u0159edkolumbijsk\u00e9m Mexiku. Origin\u00e1l v azt\u00e9ck\u00e9m jazyce nahuatl<\/em> se nedochoval a nyn\u00ed v\u011bdci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed latinsk\u00fd p\u0159eklad, zn\u00e1m\u00fd jako Codex de la Cruz-Badiano.<\/em><\/p>\n

Na obou vyobrazen\u00edch jsou vid\u011bt hrub\u00e9 zalomen\u00e9 ko\u0159eny, p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed dr\u00e1py. Na ilustrac\u00edch v Kodexu Cruz Badia<\/em> je tato rostlina zobrazen\u00e1 s v\u00e1\u010dkami, zu\u017euj\u00edc\u00edmi se kvetouc\u00edmi listy, zat\u00edmco ve Voynichov\u011b rukopise m\u00e1 pouze jeden pupen s listy ve tvaru srdce.<\/p>\n

Jin\u00e1 rostlina vypad\u00e1 jako Ipomoea muurucoides Roem. & Schult. (Convolvulaceae)<\/em>, v rukopisu Voynicha jeho varianta – I. Arborescens (Humb. a Bonpl. Ex Willd.) G. Don.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, oba druhy jsou tak podobn\u00e9, \u017ee se zd\u00e1, \u017ee jsou vytvo\u0159eny, kdy\u017e ne um\u011blcem, tak mal\u00ed\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed jakoby pat\u0159ili do stejn\u00e9 \u0161koly.<\/p>\n

Nav\u00edc, na jedn\u00e9 ze str\u00e1nek Voynichova rukopisu je obr\u00e1zek modr\u00e9ho miner\u00e1lu. Soud\u011b i podle primitivn\u00edho vyobrazen\u00ed, jde pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b o krystal boleitu. To je velmi vz\u00e1cn\u00fd miner\u00e1l, jen s n\u011bkolika nalezi\u0161ti v ji\u017en\u00ed Kalifornii a v Mexiku. V\u011bt\u0161inou se t\u011b\u017e\u00ed v dole Santa Rosale (El Boleo). (2)<\/p>\n

Pro americk\u00fd p\u016fvod Voynichova rukopisu<\/em> sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i obr\u00e1zek na f\u00f3lii \u010d. 70, p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed mississippsk\u00e9ho alig\u00e1tora (Atractosteus spatula<\/em>), kter\u00fd se vyskytuje pouze v Severn\u00ed Americe. (3) Tento \u017eivo\u010dich se naz\u00fdval v jazyce Nahuatl otolal<\/em>, kter\u00fd je p\u0159eps\u00e1n v atlacaaca (atlaca<\/em> – „ryb\u00ed lid“ + aca<\/em> – „n\u011bkdo“).<\/p>\n

Kupodivu, tuto ilustraci doprov\u00e1z\u00ed slovo Mars (snad b\u0159ezen – „March“ ve francouz\u0161tin\u011b), napsan\u00fd tmav\u0161\u00ed barvou a jin\u00fdm rukopisem.<\/p>\n

Pokud je p\u0159ed n\u00e1mi opravdu popsan\u00e1 fl\u00f3ra Nov\u00e9ho \u0160pan\u011blska – Nueva Espa\u00f1a<\/em>, podman\u011bn\u00e9 dobyvateli v roce 1521, pak to nen\u00ed v rozporu s datov\u00e1n\u00edm Voynichova rukopisu.<\/em> Nejstar\u0161\u00ed zm\u00ednka o n\u011bm, jak u\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno, spad\u00e1 do roku 1576. Pad\u011blatel\u00e9 by pot\u0159ebovali pozoruhodn\u00e9 znalosti rostlin a \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, stejn\u011b jako miner\u00e1l\u016f St\u0159edn\u00ed Ameriky, krom\u011b informac\u00ed o jej\u00ed historii a kultu\u0159e. Zejm\u00e9na, rozd\u00edl mezi fialkami Viola bicolor (Violaceae) a V. tricolor<\/em> botanick\u00e1 v\u011bda stanovila a\u017e ve dvac\u00e1t\u00e9m stolet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Uveden\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti popsan\u00e9 vegetace nejsou jedin\u00fdmi vod\u00edtky, vedouc\u00edmi k mo\u017enosti, \u017ee by Voynich\u016fv rukopis mohl b\u00fdt vytvo\u0159en v Nov\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Anal\u00fdza slo\u017een\u00ed inkoustu, proveden\u00e1 v roce 2009, uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee jeho slo\u017een\u00ed je odli\u0161n\u00e9, ne\u017e typy inkoust\u016f pou\u017eit\u00fdch u evropsk\u00fdch rukopis\u016f. Obsahuje toti\u017e miner\u00e1l atacamit<\/em> (4), pojmenovan\u00fd podle m\u00edsta jeho prvn\u00edho objevu – pou\u0161t\u011b Atacama v Chile. T\u011b\u017eko uv\u011b\u0159it, \u017ee by takov\u00fd inkoust mohl b\u00fdt pou\u017eit ve Star\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Auto\u0159i studie na z\u00e1v\u011br uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee styl kreseb ve Voynichov\u011b rukopise je podobn\u00fd star\u00fdm rukopis\u016fm z 16. stolet\u00ed z Mexika (nap\u0159. Codex Cruz Badia). D\u00edky tomu se jim poda\u0159ilo identifikovat celkem 37 rostlin z 303 zobrazen\u00fdch ve Voynichov\u011b rukopise (co\u017e je 12,5 procenta z celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu), \u0161est zv\u00ed\u0159at a jeden miner\u00e1l.<\/p>\n

Geograficky by ve\u0161ker\u00fd shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fd materi\u00e1l mohl b\u00fdt z na \u00fazem\u00ed od Texasu, z\u00e1padn\u011b od Kalifornie, ji\u017en\u011b od Nikaraguy, poukazuje na botanick\u00e9 zahrady v centr\u00e1ln\u00edm Mexiku, mo\u017en\u00e1 na Huaztepec (Morelos). Dochovan\u00e9 rukopisy a star\u00e9 kodexy Nov\u00e9ho \u0160pan\u011blska z 16. stolet\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00ed kaligrafii Voynichova rukopisu<\/em>, podobn\u011b jako Z\u00e1kon\u00edk Osuna<\/em> (Codex Osuna<\/em>, 1563-1566, ulo\u017een\u00fd v Mexico City).<\/p>\n

N\u00e1zvy rostlin a \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly identifikov\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed klasick\u00e9ho jazyka nahuatl<\/em> (5), \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161tiny a jazyka n\u00e1roda Taino (6) a Mixt\u00e9k\u016f (7).<\/p>\n

Text je z\u0159ejm\u011b napsan\u00fd v jazyce nahuatl,<\/em> dnes ji\u017e mrtv\u00e9m dialektu centr\u00e1ln\u00edho Mexika, mo\u017en\u00e1, Morelos (8) nebo Pueblo<\/em> (9).<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) Arthur O. Tucker, Rexford H. Talbert: A Preliminary Analysis of the Botany, Zoology, and Mineralogy of the Voynich Manuscript. Issue: 100 Page: 70-75, HerbalGram, 2013, Internet: http:\/\/cms.herbalgram.org\/herbalgram\/issue100\/hg100-feat-voynich.html?ts=1391290311&signature=570f932a98a9f7fb98c6f98d16c412e9<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boleit<\/a><\/em>
\n(3) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alligator_gar<\/a><\/em>
\n(4) http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atacamit<\/a><\/em>
\n(5) http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nahuatl, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nahuatl<\/a><\/em>
\n(6) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ta%C3%ADno_people<\/a> <\/em>
\n(7) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mixtec_people<\/a><\/em>
\n(8) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Morelos<\/a><\/em>
\n(9) http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pueblo<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Voynich\u016fv rukopis \u2013 kniha v nezn\u00e1m\u00e9m jazyce, pojmenovan\u00e1 pro antikv\u00e1\u0159i a bibliofilovi Wilfriedu Michaelu Voynichovi, kter\u00fd ji z\u00edskal v roce<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":318,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[24,54,51],"class_list":["post-320","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-evropa","tag-indiani","tag-rukopis"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/320","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=320"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/320\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":323,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/320\/revisions\/323"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/318"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=320"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=320"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=320"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}