{"id":3147,"date":"2024-07-18T00:12:17","date_gmt":"2024-07-17T22:12:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=3147"},"modified":"2024-09-07T22:24:25","modified_gmt":"2024-09-07T20:24:25","slug":"pyramidy-staveli-vytahem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/07\/18\/pyramidy-staveli-vytahem\/","title":{"rendered":"Pyramidy stav\u011bli v\u00fdtahem"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed egyptsk\u00e1 pyramida skr\u00fdvala tajemstv\u00ed stavby egyptsk\u00fdch pyramid<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed egyptsk\u00e1 pyramida \u2013 D\u017eoserova – byla postavena pomoc\u00ed hydraulick\u00e9ho v\u00fdtahu<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

D\u017eoserova stup\u0148ovit\u00e1 pyramida<\/em> – prvn\u00ed, a tud\u00ed\u017e i nejstar\u0161\u00ed pyramida – byla postavena na n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b Sakk\u00e1ra<\/em> asi p\u0159ed 4 700 lety. Celkov\u00fd objem jej\u00edch kamenn\u00fdch blok\u016f \u010din\u00ed 330 400 metr\u016f krychlov\u00fdch. Horn\u00ed z nich jsou naskl\u00e1d\u00e1ny ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 62 metr\u016f. Nen\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a nejmajest\u00e1tn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed – Cheopsova pyramida je mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed. Zd\u00e1 se v\u0161ak, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b na D\u017eoserov\u011b pyramid\u011b – rovn\u011b\u017e velmi pracn\u00e9 – staroegypt\u0161t\u00ed in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i zkou\u0161eli vyn\u00e1lezy a vypracov\u00e1vali metody, kter\u00e9 pak pou\u017e\u00edvali p\u0159i stavb\u011b velkolep\u011bj\u0161\u00edch staveb.<\/p>\n

Francouz\u0161t\u00ed badatel\u00e9 m\u011bli \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. Pod veden\u00edm Xaviera Landreaua<\/em> – prezidenta archeologick\u00e9ho \u00fastavu Paleotechnic,<\/em> na\u0161li uvnit\u0159 stup\u0148ovit\u00e9 pyramidy, a v okol\u00ed kamenn\u00e9 struktury, kter\u00e9, jak dokazuj\u00ed, byly p\u016fvodn\u011b sou\u010d\u00e1stmi zvedac\u00edho za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed – ve skute\u010dnosti ob\u0159\u00edho hydraulick\u00e9ho zved\u00e1ku.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci svou hypot\u00e9zu podrobn\u011b zd\u016fvod\u0148uj\u00ed v \u010dasopise PLOS ONE, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e ji lze nal\u00e9zt na port\u00e1lu ResearchGate.<\/em><\/p>\n

Francouzi pova\u017euj\u00ed za hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st \u201ezved\u00e1ku\u201c vertik\u00e1ln\u00ed studnu uvnit\u0159 pyramidy, o jej\u00edm\u017e \u00fa\u010delu nepanuje ve v\u011bdeck\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b shoda. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed egyptologov\u00e9 ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve pochybovali, \u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o poh\u0159ebn\u00ed komoru. Nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9, k \u010demu bylo nutn\u00e9 ji vytvo\u0159it tak hlubokou – jako by \u0161lo o \u0161achtu v\u00fdtahu v n\u011bkolikapatrov\u00e9 budov\u011b.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. Sch\u00e9ma starov\u011bk\u00e9ho hydraulick\u00e9ho v\u00fdtahu.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nedojde k nedorozum\u011bn\u00ed, pokud budeme p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee \u0161achta byla skute\u010dn\u011b \u0161achtou v\u00fdtahu – hydraulick\u00e9ho. Na n\u00ed se zvedal obrovsk\u00fd plov\u00e1k s d\u0159ev\u011bnou plo\u0161inou.<\/p>\n

Ta byla vodou tla\u010dena vzh\u016fru. Podle v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f v\u011bdc\u016f dosahovala hmotnost takto p\u0159em\u00eds\u0165ovan\u00fdch z\u00e1va\u017e\u00ed 100 tun.<\/p>\n

Voda p\u0159it\u00e9kala z Nilu do speci\u00e1ln\u00edch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed vytvo\u0159en\u00fdch pomoc\u00ed p\u0159ehrady. Francouzi za ni pova\u017euj\u00ed Gisr-el-Mudir<\/em> – z\u00e1hadnou stavbu, dlouhou 2 kilometry a silnou 15 metr\u016f, kter\u00e1 se t\u00e1hne z\u00e1padn\u011b od pyramidy. P\u0159\u00edkop dlouh\u00fd 400 metr\u016f a hlubok\u00fd 27 metr\u016f, vysekan\u00fd ve sk\u00e1le, naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed vodovodem, kter\u00fd z\u00e1rove\u0148 slou\u017eil jako \u010distic\u00ed n\u00e1dr\u017e.<\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed d\u016fvody se domn\u00edvat, \u017ee sta\u0159\u00ed Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 aktivn\u011b vyu\u017e\u00edvali podobn\u00e9 vodn\u00ed in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e9 stavby a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b i hydraulick\u00e9 v\u00fdtahy a postavili s jejich pomoc\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 pyramidy – 31 staveb. D\u016fkazy poskytli kolegov\u00e9 sou\u010dasn\u00fdch badatel\u016f – po\u010detn\u00e1 skupina v\u011bdc\u016f, k n\u00ed\u017e krom\u011b Francouz\u016f (ti se o egyptsk\u00e9 z\u00e1hady zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed v\u00edce) pat\u0159ili i \u010c\u00ed\u0148an\u00e9 a samotn\u00ed Egyp\u0165an\u00e9. V \u010dasopise Communications Earth & Environment<\/em> dok\u00e1zali, \u017ee v\u0161echny tyto pyramidy se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed na b\u0159ehu pom\u011brn\u011b hlubok\u00e9ho koryta Nilu, kter\u00e9 se kdysi t\u00e1hlo a\u017e 64 kilometr\u016f. Stopy, kter\u00e9 po sob\u011b tato dnes ji\u017e zanikl\u00e1 vodn\u00ed tepna zanechala, jsou patrn\u00e9 na sn\u00edmc\u00edch z vesm\u00edru. Ukazuj\u00ed na ni i geologick\u00e9 \u00fadaje.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. Hydraulick\u00e1 v\u00fdtahov\u00e1 \u0161achta uvnit\u0159 D\u017eoserovy pyramidy.<\/em><\/p>\n

S nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed voda dod\u00e1vala mnohatunov\u00e9 bloky na v\u0161echna staveni\u0161t\u011b. Pr\u00e1v\u011b o tom se p\u00ed\u0161e v jednom z papyr\u016f, nalezen\u00fdch v roce 2013 v jeskyni, nach\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed se pobl\u00ed\u017e ruin p\u0159\u00edstavu W\u00e1d\u00ed al-D\u017earaf<\/em> u Rud\u00e9ho mo\u0159e – jednoho z nejstar\u0161\u00edch na sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n

Papyrus byl den\u00edkem, kter\u00fd si vedl jist\u00fd Maret,<\/em> \u201ep\u0159ed\u00e1k\u201c, kter\u00fd dohl\u00ed\u017eel na \u010d\u00e1st prac\u00ed na stavb\u011b Cheopsovy pyramidy. Uv\u00e1d\u011bl, \u017ee kv\u00e1dry byly p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eeny po vod\u011b na \u010dlunech.<\/p>\n

V\u00e1penn\u00e9 kv\u00e1dry – ka\u017ed\u00fd o hmotnosti 2,5 tuny – byly ukl\u00e1d\u00e1ny jeden po druh\u00e9m, p\u0159eprava trvala 2-3 dny. Pro \u017eulov\u00e9 bloky bylo sv\u00e1z\u00e1no n\u011bkolik \u010dlun\u016f dohromady – byl uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n jak\u00fdsi vor.<\/p>\n

\u010cetn\u00e9 chodby nejasn\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010delu, podzemn\u00ed chodby, dutiny a komory, kter\u00e9 tu a tam v\u011bdci nach\u00e1zej\u00ed uvnit\u0159 pyramid a v jejich bl\u00edzkosti, docela dob\u0159e mohly slou\u017eit jako vodovody a baz\u00e9ny pomocn\u00fdch hydraulick\u00fdch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

V kv\u011btnu 2024 japon\u0161t\u00ed geofyzici ozn\u00e1mili, \u017ee \u201eskenovali\u201c radarem okol\u00ed Cheopsovy pyramidy a na\u0161li v mal\u00e9 hloubce skryt\u00e9 tunely, zasypan\u00e9 p\u00edskem. K \u010demu byly ur\u010deny, Japonci nech\u00e1pali, ale p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dali, \u017ee tunely byly nejprve n\u011bjak vyu\u017eity a pak zasyp\u00e1ny pro nepot\u0159ebn\u00e9. Co kdy\u017e byly sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed hydraulick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. V\u0161echny egyptsk\u00e9 pyramidy byly postaveny v bl\u00edzkosti vody – stoj\u00ed pod\u00e9l kdysi existuj\u00edc\u00edho koryta Nilu.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pro \u00faplnost je t\u0159eba poznamenat, \u017ee ne v\u0161ichni egyptologov\u00e9 s Francouzi souhlas\u00ed – ve smyslu jejich hypot\u00e9zy o hydraulice. V\u011bt\u0161ina z nich up\u0159ednost\u0148uje jednodu\u0161\u0161\u00ed metodu a domn\u00edv\u00e1 se, \u017ee faraonovi in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i pou\u017e\u00edvali naklon\u011bn\u00e9 roviny – z p\u00edsku vysyp\u00e1vali rampy, na kter\u00e9 pomoc\u00ed kladek a lan zvedali bloky ze b\u0159ehu.<\/p>\n

Mimochodem, trosky jedn\u00e9 z ramp byly op\u011bt nalezeny Francouzi – archeology z Francouzsk\u00e9ho institutu pro orient\u00e1ln\u00ed archeologii v K\u00e1hi\u0159e (French Institute for Oriental Archaeology in Cairo)<\/em>. Rampa byla postavena asi p\u0159ed 4 500 lety. Pr\u00e1v\u011b v dob\u011b, kdy Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 stav\u011bli pyramidy.<\/p>\n

Podle v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f umo\u017e\u0148ovala objeven\u00e1 rampa vytahovat do v\u00fd\u0161ek t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 z\u00e1va\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e1 p\u0159ekon\u00e1vala sklon 20 %.<\/p>\n

Existuj\u00ed samoz\u0159ejm\u011b i dal\u0161\u00ed origin\u00e1ln\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed se nap\u0159\u00edklad domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee kv\u00e1dry byly zved\u00e1ny pomoc\u00ed drak\u016f. Jin\u00ed uji\u0161\u0165uj\u00ed, \u017ee byly kut\u00e1leny, vypodlo\u017eeny prkny, tak\u017ee se kv\u00e1dr prom\u011bnil v kolo.<\/p>\n

A francouzsk\u00fd chemik Joseph Davidovitz<\/em> vymyslel zp\u016fsoby zved\u00e1n\u00ed z\u00e1va\u017e\u00ed. Podle n\u011bj se nahoru netahaly bloky, ale betonov\u00e1 malta – ve v\u011bdrech. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee bloky se odl\u00e9valy na m\u00edst\u011b do d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00e9ho bedn\u011bn\u00ed. Starov\u011bk\u00fd beton se skl\u00e1dal z palmov\u00e9ho popela, mlet\u00e9ho p\u00edskovce a speci\u00e1ln\u00ed sody z\u00edsk\u00e1van\u00e9 z nilsk\u00e9 vody. V\u011bdec ujistil, \u017ee po vykop\u00e1n\u00ed jednoho z blok\u016f na\u0161el lidsk\u00fd vlas.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nejstar\u0161\u00ed egyptsk\u00e1 pyramida skr\u00fdvala tajemstv\u00ed stavby egyptsk\u00fdch pyramid<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":187,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[20,41,48],"class_list":["post-3147","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-afrika","tag-archeologie","tag-pyramidy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3147","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3147"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3147\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3154,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3147\/revisions\/3154"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3147"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3147"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3147"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}