{"id":3109,"date":"2024-07-14T00:49:57","date_gmt":"2024-07-13T22:49:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=3109"},"modified":"2024-09-01T23:57:38","modified_gmt":"2024-09-01T21:57:38","slug":"zimbabwe-zlate-doly-krale-salamouna-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/07\/14\/zimbabwe-zlate-doly-krale-salamouna-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Zimbabwe – Zlat\u00e9 doly kr\u00e1le \u0160alamouna (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tajemn\u00e1 \u010derno\u0161sk\u00e1 civilizace.<\/strong>
\n\"\"Podobn\u011b jako mnoh\u00e9 jin\u00e9 vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o Africe, za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 i toto nahl\u00e9dnut\u00edm do z\u00e1pisk\u016f jednoho Portugalce.<\/p>\n

\u201eUprost\u0159ed tohoto \u00fazem\u00ed,“ p\u00ed\u0161e da Goes, portugalsk\u00fd cestovatel z 16. stolet\u00ed, kdy\u017e hovo\u0159\u00ed o t\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti Afriky, kde se nyn\u00ed rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1 ji\u017en\u00ed Zimbabwe, \u201estoj\u00ed pevnost, vystav\u011bn\u00e1 z velk\u00fdch a t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch kamenn\u00fdch kv\u00e1dr\u016f. Je to velice podivuhodn\u00e1 a dovedn\u011b zbudovan\u00e1 stavba, nebo\u0165 podle zpr\u00e1v nen\u00ed nikde vid\u011bt ani stopy po malt\u011b, kter\u00e1 by kameny spojovala … Na jin\u00fdch m\u00edstech t\u00e9to roviny stoj\u00ed dal\u0161\u00ed pevnosti, zbudovan\u00e9 stejn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem a v ka\u017ed\u00e9 z nich s\u00eddl\u00ed kr\u00e1lovsk\u00fd zmocn\u011bnec…“<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy o Zimbabwe, s nimi\u017e se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me ve spisech z on\u00e9 doby, jsou p\u0159evzaty od obchodn\u00edk\u016f z v\u00fdchodn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Afriky, kte\u0159\u00ed \u010dasto nav\u0161t\u011bvovali \u201ekr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed monomotapy“ (co\u017e je titul kr\u00e1le, kter\u00e9ho Portugalci naz\u00fdvali benematapa), mocn\u00fd st\u00e1t st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Afriky. Tak\u00e9 Portugalci za\u010dali pozd\u011bji toto kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed nav\u0161t\u011bvovat.<\/p>\n

Av\u0161ak ty, kte\u0159\u00ed sem z Evropy p\u0159i\u0161li je\u0161t\u011b pozd\u011bji, u\u017e vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o kr\u00e1l\u00edch ani jejich pevnostech nezaj\u00edmalo. Evropan\u00e9 vys\u00e1vali z Afriky jej\u00ed bohatstv\u00ed, hromadn\u011b odv\u00e1\u017eeli p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm otroky. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu dal\u0161\u00edch stalet\u00ed do Evropy \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 dal\u0161\u00ed zpr\u00e1vy o tajemn\u00fdch pevnostech nepronikly.<\/p>\n

Teprve p\u0159ed sto lety zabloudil potuln\u00fd lovec Adam Renders (1) do \u00fadol\u00ed \u0159eky Limpopo a ve vzd\u00e1lenosti t\u0159\u00ed set kilometr\u016f od \u0159eky objevil v hou\u0161tin\u00e1ch z\u0159\u00edceniny ob\u0159\u00edch kamenn\u00fdch staveb. Nedok\u00e1zal je v\u0161ak ani po\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b popsat, proto\u017ee nikdy p\u0159edt\u00edm nic podobn\u00e9ho nespat\u0159il. Teprve o n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji se do stejn\u00fdch m\u00edst dostal n\u011bmeck\u00fd geolog Mauch (2), kter\u00fd s naprostou jistotou prohl\u00e1sil, \u017ee to, co vid\u011bl, byla kopie chr\u00e1mu kr\u00e1le \u0160alamouna a v \u00fadol\u00ed pod n\u00ed napodobenina pal\u00e1ce, ve kter\u00e9m bydlela kr\u00e1lovna ze S\u00e1by za sv\u00e9 n\u00e1v\u0161t\u011bvy v Jeruzal\u00e9m\u011b.<\/p>\n

T\u011b\u017eko \u0159\u00edci, jak Mauch p\u0159i\u0161el na onu teorii o chr\u00e1mu kr\u00e1le \u0160alamouna a p\u0159echodn\u00e9m s\u00eddle kr\u00e1lovny ze S\u00e1by. Evropa v\u0161ak tehdy planula z\u00e1jmem o Afriku, kterou si pr\u00e1v\u011b mezi sebou d\u011blily evropsk\u00e9 mocnosti a pov\u011bsti o Mauchov\u00fdch objevech vyvolaly senzaci. Nepochybn\u011b pr\u00e1v\u011b z nich \u010derpal anglick\u00fd spisovatel R. Haggard inspiraci pro sv\u016fj slavn\u00fd rom\u00e1n Doly kr\u00e1le \u0160alamouna. (3)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Roku 1890 se v \u00fadol\u00ed \u0159eky Limpopo objevil odd\u00edl Angli\u010dan\u016f a potvrdil v\u011bcn\u00e9 \u00fadaje z Mauchova tvrzen\u00ed. V on\u011bch m\u00edstech se skute\u010dn\u011b ty\u010dily mohutn\u00e9 kamenn\u00e9 stavby, ale kmeny, kter\u00e9 \u017eily v jejich bezprost\u0159edn\u00edm sousedstv\u00ed, nem\u011bly ani p\u0159edstavu, kdo a kdy je mohl postavit.<\/p>\n

Za vojensk\u00fdmi odd\u00edly p\u0159i\u0161li na \u00fazem\u00ed \u0160on\u016f a Ndebel\u016f i prvn\u00ed b\u00edl\u00ed osadn\u00edci. P\u016fda tu byla \u00farodn\u00e1 a podneb\u00ed mnohem p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v z\u00e1padn\u00ed Africe. Osadn\u00edci se ve sv\u00e9m pom\u011brn\u011b samot\u00e1\u0159sk\u00e9m \u017eivot\u011b ut\u011b\u0161ovali my\u0161lenkou, \u017ee nejsou prvn\u00edmi koloniz\u00e1tory t\u011bchto kon\u010din. V\u017edy\u0165 u\u017e kr\u00e1l \u0160alamoun se pokou\u0161el p\u0159ipojit tato \u00fazem\u00ed k zem\u00edm sv\u00e9 koruny. \u201eKone\u010dn\u011b stanul Angli\u010dan v zemi Ofir,“ napsal jeden z nich, \u201ea br\u00e1na k pokladnici starov\u011bku se mu otev\u0159ela.“<\/p>\n

P\u0159edstava, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b zde le\u017e\u00ed biblick\u00e1 zem\u011b zlata Ofir, se ov\u0161em nezrodila v hlav\u00e1ch Angli\u010dan\u016f. Kdy\u017e Vasco da Gama vysl\u00fdchal Zand\u017ee, zajat\u00e9 u mosambick\u00fdch b\u0159eh\u016f, vypov\u011bd\u011bl jeden z nich na mu\u010didlech, \u017ee zlato, kter\u00e9 proud\u00ed z Afriky do sv\u011bta v\u00fdchodn\u00edm p\u0159\u00edstavem Sofala, poch\u00e1z\u00ed skute\u010dn\u011b z hlubok\u00e9ho vnitrozem\u00ed kontinentu. S\u00e1m pr\u00fd vid\u011bl star\u00e9 knihy a svitky, z nich\u017e vysv\u00edt\u00e1, \u017ee se t\u011b\u017e\u00ed pr\u00e1v\u011b v t\u011bch dolech, odkud jednou za t\u0159i roky dost\u00e1val zlato i kr\u00e1l \u0160alamoun.<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se tyto zpr\u00e1vy dostaly a\u017e k portugalsk\u00e9mu kr\u00e1li Manuelovi \u0160\u0165astn\u00e9mu, okam\u017eit\u011b na\u0159\u00eddil podniknout v\u0161echno, aby ve\u0161ker\u00e9 zlato \u0161lo do jeho pokladnice. Proto od roku 1489 nese Sofala v portugalsk\u00fdch \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edch dokumentech p\u0159\u00eddomek \u201ezem\u011b, v n\u00ed\u017e se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed zlat\u00e9 doly“.<\/p>\n

Portugal\u0161t\u00ed kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 ov\u0161em nikdy nedost\u00e1vali z Afriky tolik zlata, kolik by si p\u0159\u00e1li. P\u0159ek\u00e1\u017eeli jim v tom konkurenti, m\u00edstn\u00ed obchodn\u00edci. Bylo jich p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho, ne\u017e aby se dali snadno zlikvidovat. Hlavn\u00edm nep\u0159\u00edtelem portugalsk\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le v\u0161ak byli jeho vlastn\u00ed poddan\u00ed. Podle propo\u010dt\u016f z\u016fst\u00e1valy v kaps\u00e1ch \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edk\u016f a velitel\u016f pevnost\u00ed pln\u00e9 t\u0159i \u010dtvrtiny zlata, p\u0159ich\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edho z Afriky.<\/p>\n

Legendy o Ofiru (4) se znovu zrodily na po\u010d\u00e1tku na\u0161eho stolet\u00ed. Zlat\u00e1 hore\u010dka, kter\u00e1 propukla v Ma\u0161onsku a Matabelsku, nijak nez\u016fst\u00e1vala pozadu za kalifornskou nebo alja\u0161skou, ale nem\u011bla sv\u00e9ho Breta Harta nebo Jacka Londona, a proto o n\u00ed mnoho nev\u00edme. P\u0159ipome\u0148me tedy, \u017ee kolem roku 1900 tu bylo zaregistrov\u00e1no 114 tis\u00edc n\u00e1rok\u016f na zlatonosn\u00e9 d\u00edlce, p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm na m\u00edstech star\u00fdch \u0161tol, kter\u00e9 se zlatokop\u016fm zd\u00e1ly b\u00fdt nejjist\u011bj\u0161\u00ed cestou k bohatstv\u00ed Ofiru. Za n\u011bkolik let nez\u016fstalo po t\u011bchto \u0161tol\u00e1ch ani stopy. Zlata se v\u0161ak na\u0161lo velmi m\u00e1lo, proto\u017ee bylo v\u011bt\u0161inou d\u00e1vno vyt\u011b\u017een\u00e9. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b se zlatokop\u016fm poda\u0159ilo zni\u010dit v\u0161echny star\u00e9 tav\u00edc\u00ed pece, d\u00edlny i p\u0159\u00edbytky kovkop\u016f.<\/p>\n

Pak teprve p\u0159i\u0161ly na \u0159adu z\u0159\u00edceniny star\u00fdch pevnost\u00ed a pal\u00e1c\u016f. Prvn\u00ed, koho tam napadlo hledat poklady kr\u00e1le \u0160alamouna, byl jist\u00fd Posselt. Roku 1888 prolezl z\u0159\u00edceniny Zimbabwe, ale zlato nena\u0161el. Vykopal pouze n\u011bkolik so\u0161ek pt\u00e1k\u016f z m\u00fddlovce (steatitu), kter\u00e9 v jeho domorod\u00fdch pr\u016fvodc\u00edch budily posv\u00e1tnou hr\u016fzu.<\/p>\n

Poprv\u00e9 Posselt uvid\u011bl pevnost Zimbabwe z vrcholu skalnat\u00e9ho h\u0159ebene, kter\u00fd se jako krokod\u00fdl\u00ed h\u0159bet zved\u00e1 nad \u00fadol\u00edm. Pevnost, kterou Mauch pova\u017eoval za chr\u00e1m kr\u00e1le \u0160alamouna a kterou archeologov\u00e9 pozd\u011bji nazvali akropol\u00ed, byla postavena na h\u0159ebeni tak, \u017ee jednotliv\u00e9 skaln\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011b\u017eky, spojen\u00e9 z\u00eddkami z neotesan\u00fdch kv\u00e1dr\u016f, tvo\u0159ily jej\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st. Desetimetrov\u00e1 hradebn\u00ed ze\u010f pak kles\u00e1 po svahu a p\u016flkruhem obt\u00e1\u010d\u00ed velk\u00e9 vnit\u0159n\u00ed n\u00e1dvo\u0159\u00ed. Na vrcholu zdi se zachovaly pah\u00fdly sloup\u016f. Uvnit\u0159 pevnosti byla \u0159ada prostor, kde v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nebezpe\u010d\u00ed nach\u00e1zeli \u00fakryt obyvatel\u00e9 \u00fadol\u00ed.<\/p>\n

A pr\u00e1v\u011b odtud, z v\u00fd\u0161iny, se otev\u0159el pohled na podivuhodnou elipsovitou stavbu, samotn\u00e9 Zimbabwe, stoj\u00edc\u00ed uprost\u0159ed rozvalin.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adam_Render<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_Mauch<\/a><\/em>
\n(3) http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henry_Rider_Haggard<\/a><\/em>
\n(4) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ophir<\/a> * Zlat\u00e1 zem\u011b Ofir. ZaZ,\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tajemn\u00e1 \u010derno\u0161sk\u00e1 civilizace.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1000,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[20,41],"class_list":["post-3109","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-afrika","tag-archeologie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3109","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3109"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3109\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3113,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3109\/revisions\/3113"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1000"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3109"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}