{"id":3032,"date":"2024-07-07T00:17:14","date_gmt":"2024-07-06T22:17:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=3032"},"modified":"2024-08-20T21:25:28","modified_gmt":"2024-08-20T19:25:28","slug":"odkud-prisli-americane","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/07\/07\/odkud-prisli-americane\/","title":{"rendered":"Odkud p\u0159i\u0161li Ameri\u010dan\u00e9?"},"content":{"rendered":"

V roce 1999 byl nalezen v Cactus Hill (Virginie, USA) podivn\u00fd kus pazourku, kter\u00fd poch\u00e1zel z obdob\u00ed mezi 17.000 a\u017e 15.000 lety p\u0159.n.l.<\/strong> (1)<\/p>\n

Velmi se podobal industri\u00edm z kultury Solutrean, kter\u00e1 se vyvinula ve Francii a na Pyrenejsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b mezi 22.000 a\u017e 18.000 lety p\u0159.n.l. (2)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Tento n\u00e1lez vedl archeology Dennise Stanforda ze Smithsonian Institutu (3) a Bruce Bradley z University v Exeteru (4) k hypot\u00e9ze, \u017ee prvn\u00ed lid\u00e9 mohli doj\u00edt do Ameriky po mo\u0159i z Biskajsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu po lod\u00edch Solutrean hypot\u00e9zu (5) a zalo\u017eili kulturu Clovis, nejstar\u0161\u00ed v Americe. (6) Hypot\u00e9za byla publikov\u00e1na v \u010dasopise Nature s t\u00edm, \u017ee v\u00fdsledky anal\u00fdzy genomu d\u00edt\u011bte t\u00e9to kultury potvrd\u00ed tuto my\u0161lenku.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Clovisk\u00e1 kultura se vyv\u00edjela mezi lety 13.000 a 12.600 p\u0159. n.l. v Severn\u00ed a St\u0159edn\u00ed Americe. Jsou pro ni charakteristick\u00e9 oboustrann\u011b plo\u0161n\u011b opracovan\u00e9 hroty dlouh\u00e9 10 – 13 cm, a \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky asi 4 cm \u0161\u00ed\u0159ky ve tvaru vav\u0159\u00ednov\u00e9ho listu, s obloukovit\u011b vy\u0161t\u00edpanou b\u00e1z\u00ed a mnohdy patrn\u00fdmi z\u00e1seky od b\u00e1ze v ose projektilu. Materi\u00e1lem je rohovec, obsidi\u00e1n nebo jin\u00fd, vysoce kvalitn\u00ed silicit, kter\u00fd se t\u011b\u017e\u00ed i n\u011bkolik set kilometr\u016f od s\u00eddli\u0161\u0165. Pro tuto kulturu je charakteristick\u00fd lov velk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at, jako mamut, mastodont a bizon.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed n\u00e1lezy t\u00e9to kultury poch\u00e1z\u00ed z Nov\u00e9ho Mexika v roce 1930 a v roce 1968 byl objeven na m\u00edst\u011b Anzick (Montana, USA), dosud jedin\u00e9 zn\u00e1m\u00e9 poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b kultury Clovis. Kosti le\u017eely pod vrstvou kamenn\u00fdch artefakt\u016f a byly pokryty \u010derven\u00fdm okrem. \u0160lo o d\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e9 \u017eilo mezi lety 12.707 a\u017e 12.556 p\u0159. n.l. A nyn\u00ed do\u0161lo k anal\u00fdze jeho genomu.<\/p>\n

„V souladu s p\u0159edchoz\u00edmi archeologick\u00fdmi a genetick\u00fdmi studiemi, na\u0161e anal\u00fdza genomu vyvrac\u00ed mo\u017enost, \u017ee by kultura Clovis vznikla evropskou migrac\u00ed (kultury Solutrean) do Ameriky,“ \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Morten Rasmussen z Natural History Museum v D\u00e1nsku. (7) Rasmussen a jeho t\u00fdm s celkem 42 v\u011bdci z D\u00e1nska, USA, \u0160v\u00e9dska, Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie a Sa\u00fadsk\u00e9 Ar\u00e1bie dolo\u017eili, \u017ee d\u00edt\u011b z Anzicku bylo sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed skupiny domorod\u00fdch Ameri\u010dan\u016f a \u00fazce souvis\u00ed s p\u016fvodn\u00edmi obyvateli Ameriky. Studie ukazuje, \u017ee d\u00edt\u011b z Anzicku m\u00e1 p\u0159edky na Sibi\u0159i, zat\u00edmco Z\u00e1padoevropan\u00e9 jsou od nich geneticky daleko.<\/p>\n

Solutreansk\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za tedy padla a ji\u017e nem\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1na za d\u016fv\u011bryhodnou alternativu k po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016fm kultury Clovis nebo po\u010d\u00e1tk\u016fm domorod\u00fdch Ameri\u010dan\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Dobrodru\u017estv\u00ed v dob\u011b ledov\u00e9<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sv\u011bt na konci doby ledov\u00e9 byl velmi odli\u0161n\u00fd, od toho, jak ho zn\u00e1me dnes. Ledovec sahal k Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei a ke Krkono\u0161\u00edm. Britsk\u00e9 ostrovy byly pokryty 1,5 km vrstvou ledu a Skandin\u00e1vie dokonce 3 km. Asie a Amerika byly spojeny mostem tam, kde je dnes Beringova \u00fa\u017eina, nebo\u0165 hladina mo\u0159e byla d\u00edky zaledn\u011bn\u00ed n\u00ed\u017eeji, ne\u017e dnes.<\/p>\n

Obyvatel\u00e9 Z\u00e1padn\u00ed Evropy by se t\u011b\u017eko dali na nejistou cestu p\u0159es Atlantik, omezen\u00fd na severu ledem a v mal\u00fdch \u010dlunech a n\u00e1hodou p\u0159ekro\u010dili oce\u00e1n bez \u0161ance na n\u00e1vrat dom\u016f.<\/p>\n

Tyto hypot\u00e9zy byly propagov\u00e1ny v nau\u010dn\u011b popul\u00e1rn\u00edm filmu Ice Age Columbus: Who Were the First Americans?, kter\u00fd uvedl Discovery Channel v roce 2005. (8)<\/p>\n

Solutreansk\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za si ani tak nez\u00edskala podporu mezi v\u011bdci. N\u00e1lez v Cactus Hill nebyl dosta\u010duj\u00edc\u00ed k prok\u00e1z\u00e1n\u00ed zaoce\u00e1nsk\u00fdch vliv\u016f a znalost\u00ed. V pr\u016fb\u011bhu historie lid\u00e9 nez\u00e1visle na sob\u011b nalezli podobn\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed stejn\u00fdch probl\u00e9m\u016f v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta a epoch: zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed vzniklo v Mezopot\u00e1mii, ale tak\u00e9 ve St\u0159edn\u00ed Americe, v And\u00e1ch, rovn\u00edkov\u00e9 Africe a jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asii. Pyramidy byly postaveny v Egypt\u011b, ale i ve St\u0159edn\u00ed a Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe, a nebo i jinde.<\/p>\n

Sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159 americk\u00e9 kolonizace dolo\u017eili Jennifer Raff a Deborah Bolnick i geneticky (9): p\u0159echod p\u0159es Beringovu \u00fa\u017einu ze Sibi\u0159e asi p\u0159ed 32000 roky, expanze na v\u00fdchod od Beringovy \u00fa\u017einy. Genetick\u00fd v\u00fdvoj jedine\u010dn\u00fdch rys\u016f Ameri\u010dan\u016f se odehr\u00e1l mezi 26000 a 18000 lety p\u0159.n. K os\u00eddlen\u00ed pacifick\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed do\u0161lo asi v 17.000 lety p\u0159.n.l. A\u017e do p\u0159\u00edchodu Kry\u0161tofa Kolumba domorod\u00e9 obyvatelstvo Ameriky neobdr\u017eelo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd genetick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek z Evropy.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cactus_Hill<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solutrean<\/a><\/em>
\n(3) http:\/\/anthropology.si.edu\/staff\/Stanford\/Stanford.html<\/a> <\/em>
\n(4) http:\/\/www.primtech.net\/<\/a> <\/em>
\n(5) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solutrean_hypothesis<\/a><\/em>
\n(6) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clovis_culture<\/a> <\/em>
\n(7) http:\/\/geogenetics.ku.dk\/staff\/beskrivelse\/?id=194577<\/a> <\/em>
\n(8) http:\/\/store.discovery.com\/detail.php?a=DSC-59637<\/a> <\/em>
\n(9) http:\/\/www.nature.com\/nature\/journal\/v506\/n7487\/506162a\/metrics\/news<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V roce 1999 byl nalezen v Cactus Hill (Virginie, USA) podivn\u00fd kus pazourku, kter\u00fd poch\u00e1zel z obdob\u00ed mezi 17.000 a\u017e<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":423,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9],"tags":[53,41,37],"class_list":["post-3032","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","tag-amerika","tag-archeologie","tag-severni-amerika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3032","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3032"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3032\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3036,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3032\/revisions\/3036"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3032"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3032"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3032"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}