{"id":3027,"date":"2024-07-06T00:24:44","date_gmt":"2024-07-05T22:24:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=3027"},"modified":"2024-08-19T23:32:25","modified_gmt":"2024-08-19T21:32:25","slug":"nepatricne-nalezy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/07\/06\/nepatricne-nalezy\/","title":{"rendered":"Nepat\u0159i\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy?"},"content":{"rendered":"

V archeologii se ned\u00e1vno objevil nov\u00fd term\u00edn „nem\u00edstn\u00fd artefakt“.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0158e\u010d je o objektech starov\u011bk\u00e9ho p\u016fvodu, ov\u0161em \u00farovn\u00ed technologie vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e kter\u00e1 by odpov\u00eddala \u00e9\u0159e, ke kter\u00e9 se vztahuje. Jde zejm\u00e9na t\u0159eba o takzvan\u00e9 „Bagd\u00e1dsk\u00e9 baterie“, nalezen\u00e9 v Ir\u00e1ku, jejich\u017e st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed je v\u00edce ne\u017e 2000 let.<\/p>\n

K n\u00e1lezu do\u0161lo v roce 1938 nedaleko Bagd\u00e1du. N\u011bmeck\u00fd archeolog Wilhelm K\u00f6nig si v\u0161iml hlin\u011bn\u00e9 n\u00e1doby, jej\u00ed\u017e hrdlo bylo uzav\u0159eno z\u00e1tkou z asfaltu. Z\u00e1tka byla prop\u00edchnuta m\u011bd\u011bn\u00fdm dr\u00e1tem. Uvnit\u0159 n\u00e1doby byla n\u011bjak\u00e1 kysel\u00e1 kapalina – mo\u017en\u00e1 ocet nebo v\u00edno… co\u017e prok\u00e1zaly vnit\u0159n\u00ed usazeniny. Kapalina slou\u017eila jako elektrolyt, a objekt s\u00e1m byl nepochybn\u011b ur\u010den k v\u00fdrob\u011b elektrick\u00e9 energie…<\/p>\n

Tento z\u00e1v\u011br pomohli prov\u011b\u0159it odborn\u00edci ze Smith College v Massachusetts (USA), cestou vytvo\u0159en\u00ed kopie. (1) Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee takov\u00e1 star\u00e1 baterie byla schopna produkovat v\u00edce ne\u017e 1 volt elektrick\u00e9 energie, a to tis\u00edce let p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e byla tato technologie ofici\u00e1ln\u011b vynalezena.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

„Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd zdokumentovan\u00fd z\u00e1znam o tom, k \u010demu byly tyto n\u00e1doby pou\u017eity, ale je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee to byl druh baterie,\u201c \u2013 uv\u00e1d\u00ed se na webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch Smith College. \u2013 \u201eV\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee baterie by mohly b\u00fdt pou\u017eity ke zhotovov\u00e1n\u00ed galvanick\u00e9mu povlaku kovov\u00e9 vrstvy (zlata) na povrchu druh\u00e9ho kovu (st\u0159\u00edbra). Tato metoda se dodnes v Ir\u00e1ku pou\u017e\u00edv\u00e1.“<\/p>\n

„N\u00e1doby jsou na jedno pou\u017eit\u00ed,\u201c – \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 odborn\u00edk na metalurgii Paul Craddock z Britsk\u00e9ho muzea (2). \u2013 \u201eAle pokud je n\u00e1m zn\u00e1mo, nikdo dal\u0161\u00ed tyto artefakty nena\u0161el.“<\/p>\n

Archeologov\u00e9 na\u0161li opakovan\u011b v r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta objekty, souvisej\u00edc\u00edch s l\u00e9ka\u0159skou technikou. Tak, b\u011bhem vykop\u00e1vek ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m m\u011bst\u011b Pompeje, zni\u010den\u00e9m sopkou, se v chr\u00e1mu Vest\u00e1lsk\u00fdch panen nalezly n\u00e1stroje, kter\u00e9 jsou replikami t\u011bch, kter\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed gynekologov\u00e9 dnes.<\/p>\n

V roce 2008 byl v Us\u0165-Ilme\u0148sk\u00e9m poh\u0159ebi\u0161ti objeven starov\u011bk\u00fd poh\u0159eb \u017eeny. Vedle n\u00ed se nach\u00e1zela st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00e1 amfora, ve kter\u00e9 le\u017eelo deset lidsk\u00fdch zub\u016f se stopami po l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u00edch. Podle pracovn\u00edk\u016f centra archeologie v Poltav\u011b, zesnul\u00e1 pracovala jako zuba\u0159! Jej\u00ed profesn\u00ed dovednost\u00ed a pou\u017eit\u00e1 technologie byla na vysok\u00e9 \u00farovni. (3)<\/p>\n

Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee d\u00e1vno p\u0159ed p\u0159elomem na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu byli lid\u00e9 schopni ud\u011blat operaci. Nap\u0159\u00edklad v Egypt\u011b, Severn\u00ed a Ji\u017en\u00ed Americe a dal\u0161\u00edch \u010d\u00e1stech sv\u011bta byly nalezeny chirurgick\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje a lidsk\u00e9 lebky se stopami trepanace. (4)<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, v\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee k tomuto postupu lid\u00e9 p\u0159istupovali nejen z medic\u00ednsk\u00fdch, ale i z n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm p\u0159\u00ed\u010din. Starov\u011bc\u00ed „chirurgov\u00e9“ vrtali ov\u00e1ln\u00fd otvor, kter\u00fd m\u011bl slou\u017eit jako „t\u0159et\u00ed oko“, kter\u00fd m\u011bl \u00fadajn\u011b vyvolat jasnovideck\u00e9 schopnosti. Kdy\u017e se r\u00e1na zahojila, \u010dlov\u011bk se stal \u0161amanem.<\/p>\n

Ve star\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed existovala i protetika. V prosinci 2006, b\u011bhem vykop\u00e1vek os\u00eddlen\u00ed z doby bronzov\u00e9 v Shahre Sukhteh v jihov\u00fdchodn\u00edm \u00cdr\u00e1nu, kde bylo objeveno starov\u011bk\u00e9 protetick\u00e9 oko. M\u011blo tvar polokoule, jeho pr\u016fm\u011br byl o n\u011bco v\u00edce ne\u017e 2,5 cm. Tento produkt byl vyroben z velmi lehk\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu – v\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee \u0161lo o asfaltovou pastu. Povrch um\u011bl\u00e9ho oka byl pokryt tenkou vrstvou zlata.<\/p>\n

Uprost\u0159ed byl vyryt kruh, zobrazuj\u00edc\u00ed o\u010dn\u00ed duhovku, ze kter\u00e9 vych\u00e1zely zlat\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1rky jakoby paprsky. Z obou stran byly vyvrt\u00e1ny otvory, jimi\u017e proch\u00e1zel zlat\u00fd dr\u00e1t, pom\u00e1haj\u00edc\u00ed ukotvit oko v o\u010dnici.<\/p>\n

Vedle prot\u00e9zy le\u017eela kostra \u017eeny, velmi vysok\u00e9 na svou dobu \u2013 jej\u00ed v\u00fd\u0161ka byla 1,82 m \u2013 poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z doby asi 2900-2800 let p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem. S nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed, jak se v\u011bdci domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u0161lo o vlastn\u00edka prot\u00e9zy, z\u0159ejm\u011b kn\u011b\u017eky nebo p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nice \u0161lechtick\u00e9 rodiny.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee to, co pova\u017eujeme za nov\u00e9 \u2013 je vlastn\u011b dob\u0159e zapomenut\u00e9 star\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Ot\u00e1zkou je, pro\u010d mnoho z technologi\u00ed d\u00e1vn\u00fdch civilizac\u00ed bylo zapomenuto, a b\u011bhem stalet\u00ed bylo nutn\u00e9 v\u0161e vynal\u00e9zat znovu… Ale na tuto ot\u00e1zku mus\u00ed odpov\u011bd\u011bt historici.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) http:\/\/www.smith.edu\/hsc\/museum\/ancient_inventions\/battery2.html<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) https:\/\/www.britishmuseum.org\/<\/a> <\/em>
\n(3) http:\/\/www.mignews.com\/news\/health\/cis\/300303_172122_50913.html<\/a><\/em>
\n(4) http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trepanace<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V archeologii se ned\u00e1vno objevil nov\u00fd term\u00edn „nem\u00edstn\u00fd artefakt“.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":525,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,17],"tags":[41,50],"class_list":["post-3027","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-veda","tag-archeologie","tag-technika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3027","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3027"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3027\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3029,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3027\/revisions\/3029"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/525"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3027"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3027"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3027"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}