{"id":2963,"date":"2024-07-03T00:46:19","date_gmt":"2024-07-02T22:46:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=2963"},"modified":"2024-08-19T22:18:56","modified_gmt":"2024-08-19T20:18:56","slug":"mumifikovani-si-nevymysleli-faraoni","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/07\/03\/mumifikovani-si-nevymysleli-faraoni\/","title":{"rendered":"Mumifikov\u00e1n\u00ed si nevymysleli fara\u00f3ni"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nov\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy vyvr\u00e1tily v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee sta\u0159\u00ed Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 se za\u010dali zab\u00fdvat mumifikac\u00ed a\u017e v dob\u011b faraon\u016f.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed pokusy balzamovat t\u011bla byly v Egypt\u011b zaznamen\u00e1ny u\u017e v p\u00e1t\u00e9m a \u010dtvrt\u00e9m tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p>\n

\u201eOby\u010dejn\u011b se uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee v p\u00e1t\u00e9m a \u010dtvrt\u00e9m tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. sta\u0159\u00ed Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b nem\u011bli vlastn\u00ed techniku mumifikace,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Jana Jones z University v Sydney, Macquarie. (1)<\/p>\n

P\u0159ed n\u011bkolika lety, egyptolo\u017eka upozornila na pozn\u00e1mku, vztahuj\u00edc\u00ed se k roku 1920, ve kter\u00e9 archeologov\u00e9 popsali jakousi mumii, jej\u00ed\u017e ruce byly zabaleny do siln\u00fdch kousk\u016f tkanin napu\u0161t\u011bn\u00fdch prysky\u0159ic\u00ed. Bylo zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee t\u011blo mumifikovali 4500 rok\u016f p\u0159ed n. l.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci v\u011bd\u011bli, \u017ee v t\u00e9 dob\u011b Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b neum\u011bli balzamovat sv\u00e9 mrtv\u00e9, a rad\u011bji je poh\u0159bili v hork\u00e9m p\u00edsku, co\u017e zp\u016fsobilo p\u0159irozenou dehydrataci t\u011bla. Prvn\u00ed pokusy o mumifikaci spadaj\u00ed do doby kolem 3500 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p>\n

Spole\u010dn\u011b s britsk\u00fdm kolegou Stephenem Buckley (2) z York University, Jonesov\u00e1 provedla biochemick\u00e9 studie mumi\u00ed z nejstar\u0161\u00edho egyptsk\u00e9ho poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b Mostagedda (3) v severn\u00edm Egypt\u011b. V\u00fdsledky byly publikov\u00e1ny v \u010dasopise PLoS ONE. (4)<\/p>\n

K balzamov\u00e1n\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvali starov\u011bc\u00ed Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 borovicov\u00e9 a jin\u00e9 prysky\u0159ice, gumu, dehet a sodu, \u017eivo\u010di\u0161n\u00e9 tuky, v\u00fdta\u017eky z ko\u0159en\u00ed a aromatick\u00fdch rostlin. Specialist\u00e9 v\u0161echny tyto slo\u017eky objevili v poz\u016fstatc\u00edch mumi\u00ed z d\u0159\u00edv\u011bj\u0161\u00edch dob.<\/p>\n

Pro anal\u00fdzu pou\u017eil Stephen Buckley kombinaci dvou zn\u00e1m\u00fdch metod. S pomoc\u00ed termick\u00e9 desorpce (odstran\u011bn\u00ed atom\u016f, molekul a radik\u00e1l\u016f z povrchu pevn\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, kdy\u017e je vyh\u0159\u00edvan\u00e1) (5) prov\u011b\u0159uje, p\u0159i jak\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch, se slo\u017eky odd\u011bluj\u00ed od materi\u00e1lu, a z\u00e1rove\u0148 p\u0159esn\u011bji ur\u010duje jej\u00ed slo\u017een\u00ed. Druh\u00e1 metoda, plynov\u00e1 chromatografie, umo\u017e\u0148uje sledovat, jak se molekuly pohybuj\u00ed ve sm\u011bs\u00edch. (6)<\/p>\n

Jak \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Buckley, „kombinace obou proces\u016f n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje identifikovat \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed spektrum molekul.“ P\u0159esn\u00fd v\u011bk mumi\u00ed z Mostageddy v\u011bdci stanovili radiokarbonovou metodou (C14). (7)<\/p>\n

Slo\u017een\u00ed prysky\u0159ic a rostlinn\u00fdch extrakt\u016f se uk\u00e1zala shodn\u00e9 s dosavadn\u00edm stavem techniky balzamov\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Mumifikace byla ale mnohem jednodu\u0161eji provedena, ne\u017e v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch tis\u00edcilet\u00edch. Prvn\u00ed balzamova\u010di je\u0161t\u011b odstranili vnit\u0159n\u00ed org\u00e1ny z t\u011bla.<\/p>\n

\u0160\u00e9f v\u00fdzkumu Stephen Buckley v tiskov\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b (8) uvedl: „Antibakteri\u00e1ln\u00ed vlastnosti jednotliv\u00fdch l\u00e1tek a zakonzervovan\u00e9 m\u011bkk\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b n\u00e1m umo\u017enily dosp\u011bt k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee m\u00e1me co do \u010din\u011bn\u00ed s po\u010d\u00e1te\u010dn\u00edmi pokusy o mumifikaci, kter\u00e9 nakonec dos\u00e1hly dokonalosti v dob\u011b vl\u00e1dy fara\u00f3n\u016f.“<\/p>\n

V evropsk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch se slovo „mumie“ poprv\u00e9 objevuje kolem roku 1000. Poch\u00e1z\u00ed z arabsk\u00e9ho slova \u201emumia\u201c, kter\u00e9 znamen\u00e1 \u201e\u017eivice\u201c nebo „asfalt“ vzhledem k tmav\u00e9 barv\u011b t\u011bla zesnul\u00e9ho. Ve staroegyptsk\u00e9m jazyce se pro ozna\u010den\u00ed balzamovan\u00e9ho t\u011bla tak\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvalo slovo sah.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

„Rozd\u011blen\u00ed poh\u0159bu t\u011bla a jeho org\u00e1n\u016f bylo zdokumentov\u00e1no kolem roku 2800 p\u0159. n. l.,“ p\u00ed\u0161e Robert Kuhn, v\u00fdzkumn\u00fd pracovn\u00edk z Egyptsk\u00e9ho muzea v Berl\u00edn\u011b. (9) Balzamova\u010di rychle zjistili, \u017ee mumie se l\u00e9pe zachovaj\u00ed, pokud se odeberou m\u011bkk\u00e9 tk\u00e1n\u011b.<\/p>\n

Na rozd\u00edl od srdce (jako s\u00eddlo du\u0161e), mozek pro Egyp\u0165any nehr\u00e1l tak velkou roli, a tak ho odstra\u0148ovali. V\u0161echny vnit\u0159n\u00ed org\u00e1ny, s v\u00fdjimkou srdce, se vyj\u00edmaly a um\u00edstily do n\u00e1dob \u2013 tzv. kanopy. Po dvojit\u00e9m promyt\u00ed vnit\u0159ku t\u011bla, po odstran\u011bn\u00ed vnit\u0159n\u00edch org\u00e1n\u016f, jej zaplnili vonn\u00fdmi mastmi, a t\u011blo bylo pokryto natronem.<\/p>\n

Nehled\u011b na to, \u017ee egyptsk\u00e9 mumie jsou u\u017e velmi dob\u0159e a dlouho zkoum\u00e1ny, st\u00e1le obsahuj\u00ed mnoh\u00e1 tajemstv\u00ed. Jak postupuje technika a v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti, tak se otv\u00edraj\u00ed i mo\u017enosti tato tajemstv\u00ed odhalovat.<\/p>\n

V dubnu 2014 archeologov\u00e9 v \u00dadol\u00ed kr\u00e1l\u016f na\u0161li dosud nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b, kde bylo 50 mumi\u00ed a mumifikovan\u00fdch poz\u016fstatk\u016f. (10) V \u010dervnu 2014 bylo v hloubce 13 metr\u016f pod zem\u00ed v Asu\u00e1nu nalezeno dev\u011bt mumi\u00ed. V tomto poh\u0159ebi\u0161ti, podle archeolog\u016f nespo\u010d\u00edvali princov\u00e9 a princezny, ale „oby\u010dejn\u00ed lid\u00e9“. (11)<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) http:\/\/www.mq.edu.au\/<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) http:\/\/www.york.ac.uk\/archaeology\/staff\/research-staff\/stephen-buckley<\/a> <\/em>
\n(3) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/El-Badari<\/a> <\/em>
\n(4) http:\/\/www.plosone.org\/article\/info:doi\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0103608<\/a><\/em>
\n(5) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermal_desorption<\/a> <\/em>
\n(6) http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plynov%C3%A1_chromatografie<\/a> <\/em>
\n(7) http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/<\/a> <\/em>
\n(8) http:\/\/www.livescience.com\/<\/a> <\/em>
\n(9) http:\/\/www.welt.de\/<\/a> <\/em>
\n(10) http:\/\/af.reuters.com\/article\/commoditiesNews\/idAFL6N0NK3TT20140428<\/a> <\/em>
\n(11) http:\/\/luxortimesmagazine.blogspot.cz\/2014\/06\/intact-burial-chamber-discovered-in.html<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Podle:<\/em><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.ancient-origins.net\/<\/a> <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nov\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy vyvr\u00e1tily v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010den\u00ed, \u017ee sta\u0159\u00ed Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 se za\u010dali zab\u00fdvat mumifikac\u00ed a\u017e v dob\u011b faraon\u016f.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":187,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[20,74],"class_list":["post-2963","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-afrika","tag-mumie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2963","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2963"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2963\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3019,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2963\/revisions\/3019"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2963"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2963"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2963"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}