{"id":2831,"date":"2024-06-07T00:33:02","date_gmt":"2024-06-06T22:33:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=2831"},"modified":"2024-07-06T23:40:55","modified_gmt":"2024-07-06T21:40:55","slug":"kostaricke-koule","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/06\/07\/kostaricke-koule\/","title":{"rendered":"Kostarick\u00e9 koule"},"content":{"rendered":"
P\u0159ed \u0161estn\u00e1cti stalet\u00edmi domorodci v jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Kostariky vytesali z tvrd\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu koule o pr\u016fm\u011bru od 10 cm do 2,4 m. <\/strong><\/div>\n

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Jejich tvar je tak dokonal\u00fd, \u017ee vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: jak to ud\u011blali? Jak\u00fd je jejich \u00fa\u010del?<\/div>\n
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Kamenn\u00e9 koule byly nalezeny v n\u011bkolika dal\u0161\u00edch zem\u00edch, jako je Chile, Mexiko a ve Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. Ale \u017eulov\u00e9 koule v Kostarice jsou jedine\u010dn\u00e9. Jejich kvalita je obdivuhodn\u00e1: n\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich maj\u00ed naprosto spr\u00e1vn\u00fd tvar a hladk\u00fd povrch. \u010casto jsou nal\u00e9z\u00e1ny po skupin\u00e1ch 20 nebo v\u00edce kus\u016f. Zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee koule jsou uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1ny do r\u016fzn\u00fdch geometrick\u00fdch tvar\u016f: troj\u00faheln\u00edk\u016f, obd\u00e9ln\u00edk\u016f, nebo v p\u0159\u00edm\u00fdch lini\u00edch. N\u011bkdy tvary jakoby ukazovaly na magnetick\u00fd severn\u00ed p\u00f3l Zem\u011b.<\/div>\n
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N\u011bkolik koul\u00ed bylo nalezeno v delt\u011b \u0159eky Dikie. Jin\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti m\u011bst Pal-mar, Buenos Aires a Golfito na jihu zem\u011b, jako\u017e i na severu, v provincii Guanacaste, v centr\u00e1ln\u00edm \u00fadol\u00ed. N\u011bkolik p\u0159edm\u011bt\u016f hmotn\u00e9 kultury, nalezen\u00fdch v bl\u00edzkosti koul\u00ed, pomohlo p\u0159i jejich datov\u00e1n\u00ed. Podle odhad\u016f archeolog\u016f, se n\u011bkter\u00e9 z t\u011bchto z\u00e1hadn\u00fdch koul\u00ed vztahuj\u00ed k roku 400 n. l. V\u011bt\u0161ina z nich se ale objevila mezi lety 800 a 1200 n.l.<\/div>\n
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N\u011bkter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v bl\u00edzkosti obydl\u00ed, jin\u00e9 byly v t\u011bsn\u00e9 bl\u00edzkosti hrob\u016f. Postupem \u010dasu byly n\u011bkter\u00e9 z koul\u00ed zni\u010den\u00e9 lidmi, kte\u0159\u00ed \u010dekali, \u017ee v nich najdou poklady. V N\u00e1rodn\u00edm muzeu Kostariky je katalog, ve kter\u00e9m je zaznamen\u00e1no asi 130 dochovan\u00fdch koul\u00ed. P\u0159esto t\u011bch koul\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nejsou v katalogu zaneseny, je mnohem v\u00edc. Evidence t\u011bchto star\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e1 – mnoho z nich bylo odstran\u011bno ze sv\u00e9ho p\u016fvodn\u00edho m\u00edsta, a nyn\u00ed zdob\u00ed zahrady a chr\u00e1my. Nepochybn\u011b, mnoh\u00e9 je\u0161t\u011b budou nalezeny – jsou skryty pod zem\u00ed a v hust\u00e9 d\u017eungli.<\/div>\n
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Jak byly vyrobeny z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1hadou. S nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed se to neobe\u0161lo bez mechanick\u00e9ho obr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00ed. Soud\u011b podle mnoha soch z tohoto obdob\u00ed, v\u00fdrobci koul\u00ed byli zku\u0161en\u00fdmi socha\u0159i. Krom\u011b toho, p\u0159edm\u011bty ze zlata, pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed do obdob\u00ed kolem roku 800 n.l, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o zku\u0161enostech s pou\u017eit\u00edm vysok\u00fdch teplot. Podle jedn\u00e9 teorie, p\u0159i pr\u00e1ci na koul\u00edch, zah\u0159\u00e1li lok\u00e1ln\u011b horninu na vysokou teplotu a pot\u00e9 ji ochladili, a tak n\u00e1sledn\u011b odstranili horn\u00ed vrstvu horniny. K doc\u00edlen\u00ed p\u0159esn\u00e9ho tvaru pou\u017eili jako brusivo p\u00edsek nebo k\u016f\u017ee.<\/div>\n
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Jak badatel\u00e9 vysv\u011btluj\u00ed, v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed koule byly vytvo\u0159eny nejl\u00e9pe kvalifikovan\u00fdmi \u0159emesln\u00edky a jejich tvar je tak bl\u00edzko k dokonalosti, \u017ee m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed neodhalilo \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 nep\u0159esnosti. To nazna\u010duje, \u017ee domorodci m\u011bli matematick\u00e9 dovednosti, rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 znalosti v oblasti zpracov\u00e1n\u00ed kamene a v\u011bd\u011bli, jak pou\u017e\u00edvat n\u00e1stroje. Ale vzhledem k tomu, \u017ee domorodci neum\u011bli ps\u00e1t, neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd z\u00e1znam o v\u00fdrob\u011b koul\u00ed, ani o technologii jejich vzniku.<\/div>\n
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V\u011bt\u0161ina kamenn\u00fdch koul\u00ed je z materi\u00e1lu, p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed \u017eulu. Nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00ed \u017eulov\u00fd lom je v\u0161ak vysoko v hor\u00e1ch, 40 – 50 km od delty \u0159eky Dikie.<\/div>\n
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Jak byly tyto koule p\u0159epravov\u00e1ny?<\/div>\n
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Pokud polotovary koul\u00ed stavitel\u00e9 z\u00edskali z lom\u016f, pak socha\u0159i museli pe\u010dliv\u011b sledovat jejich p\u0159epravu. Jak bez modern\u00ed technologie byl tak t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd n\u00e1klad p\u0159epravov\u00e1n? A kolik ve skute\u010dnosti v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed takov\u00e1 koule? N\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 16 tun! Pokud byly vyt\u011b\u017eeny v lomu a pak transportov\u00e1ny, pak krychle o hran\u011b skoro t\u0159i metry pro zhotoven\u00ed koule o pr\u016fm\u011bru 2,4 metru, by v\u00e1\u017eila asi 24 tun! P\u0159itom \u0161irok\u00e9, hladk\u00e9 silnice, nezbytn\u00e9 pro p\u0159epravu takov\u00fdch blok\u016f, se nikde v d\u017eungli nena\u0161ly.<\/div>\n
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Ostatn\u00ed koule jsou vyrobeny z v\u00e1pence, materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed nedaleko \u00fast\u00ed \u0159eky Dikie. To by znamenalo, \u017ee materi\u00e1l byl dopravov\u00e1n 50 km proti proudu. Koule se tak\u00e9 nach\u00e1zej\u00ed na ostrov\u011b Cano, kter\u00fd je 20 kilometr\u016f od kostarick\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed v Tich\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu.<\/div>\n
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Ale pro\u010d to d\u011blali – nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mo nikomu. Mo\u017en\u00e1 jsou to klenoty kmenov\u00e9ho v\u016fdce, nebo ukazatele pro zalo\u017een\u00ed vesnic. A mo\u017en\u00e1 jsou to n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 nebo ceremoni\u00e1ln\u00ed symboly. Mo\u017en\u00e1 a\u017e archeologick\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v budoucnu odhal\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed kostarick\u00fdch kamenn\u00fdch koul\u00ed.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u0159ed \u0161estn\u00e1cti stalet\u00edmi domorodci v jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Kostariky vytesali z tvrd\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu koule o pr\u016fm\u011bru od 10 cm do 2,4<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":423,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[41,32],"class_list":["post-2831","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-archeologie","tag-stredni-amerika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2831","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2831"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2831\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2861,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2831\/revisions\/2861"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/423"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2831"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2831"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2831"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}