{"id":2791,"date":"2024-06-03T00:22:59","date_gmt":"2024-06-02T22:22:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=2791"},"modified":"2024-06-30T02:44:57","modified_gmt":"2024-06-30T00:44:57","slug":"kamen-z-paraiba-parahyba","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/06\/03\/kamen-z-paraiba-parahyba\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00e1men z Para\u00edba (Parahyba)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>V roce 1872 dostal C\u00e2ndido Jos\u00e9 de Ara\u00fajo Viana (1793-1875) (1) z Visconde (pozd\u011bji Marqu\u00e9s de) Sapucahy, p\u0159edseda Instituto Hist\u00f3rico e Geogr\u00e1fico Brasiliero v Rio de Janeiro (Braz\u00edlie) (2), neobvykl\u00fd dopis.<\/strong><!--more--><br \/>\nV n\u011bm mu jist\u00fd Joaquim Alves da Costa psal, \u017ee jeho otroci mu p\u0159inesli k\u00e1men, nalezen\u00fd v Pouso Alto, v bl\u00edzkosti Parahyba, jen\u017e se rozlomil na 4 kusy, na kter\u00e9m je \u0159ada znak\u016f, kter\u00e9 nikomu nejsou srozumiteln\u00e9. Jeho syn je okop\u00edroval, on se rozhodl poslat tuto kopii Jeho Excelenci, jako prezidentu historick\u00e9ho a zem\u011bpisn\u00e9ho institutu Braz\u00edlie, aby se zjistilo, zda Jeho Excelence, nebo jin\u00e1 osoba by mohla zjistit, co tato p\u00edsmena znamenaj\u00ed. (Rio, 11.9.1872)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2792 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/zaz_Kamen-z-Paraiba.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/zaz_Kamen-z-Paraiba.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/06\/zaz_Kamen-z-Paraiba-300x196.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Obr. 1 Text \u00fadajn\u00e9ho n\u00e1pisu z kamene z Para\u00edba<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Prezident p\u0159edal dopis a obraz Ladislau de Souza Mello Netto (1838-1894) (3), botanikovi, kter\u00fd byl pot\u00e9 prozat\u00edmn\u00edm \u0159editelem Museu Nacional (4); kter\u00fd m\u011bl znalosti punsk\u00e9 archeologie a hebrejsk\u00e9ho jazyka. Ten sd\u011blil, \u017ee n\u00e1pis vypad\u00e1 jako f\u00e9nick\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Proto poslal \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dnou kopii sv\u00e9mu b\u00fdval\u00e9mu u\u010diteli Joseph Ernest Renan (1823-1892) (5) jednomu z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch odborn\u00edk\u016f na semitsk\u00e9 jazyky ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b (i kdy\u017e pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nyn\u00ed je v\u00edce p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1n pro svou pr\u016fkopnickou pr\u00e1ci Vie de Jesus). Renan nev\u00e1hal a ozna\u010dil n\u00e1pis za fale\u0161n\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>N\u00e1pis byl p\u0159edm\u011btem kritick\u00e9 stati Konstantina (Christoph Wilhelm Constantin) Schlottmanna (1819-1887) (6), Die sogenannte Inschrift von Parahyba (&#8222;tzv. N\u00e1pis z Parahyba&#8220;), v Zeitschriften der Deutschen Gesellschaft Morgenl\u00e4ndischen (28, 481-7). (7)<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 orientalista Julius Euting (1839-1913) (8) se vyj\u00e1d\u0159il podobn\u011b a Netto, kter\u00fd p\u016fvodn\u011b v\u011b\u0159il, \u017ee n\u00e1pis je prav\u00fd, se p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dil, \u017ee je to pad\u011blek.<\/p>\n<p>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, Netto se pokusil o p\u0159eklad n\u00e1pisu: :<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u201cTento kamenn\u00fd pomn\u00edk byl z\u0159\u00edzen Sidonian Canaanites, kter\u00fd byl posl\u00e1n na z\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed obchodu ve vzd\u00e1len\u00fdch, horsk\u00fdch a vyprahl\u00fdch zem\u00ed, pod ochranou mocn\u00fdch boh\u016f a bohy\u0148, na t\u00e9to cest\u011b, v devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9m roce vl\u00e1dy Hiram, na\u0161eho siln\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le. Nechali od Esj\u00f3n-Geber r\u00e1kos\u00ed u mo\u0159e, kdy\u017e opustili osadn\u00edky na deseti lod\u00edch, plavili se spole\u010dn\u011b pod\u00e9l pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Afriky po dva roky. Oni se pak odd\u011blili od velitele flotily a vzd\u00e1lili se daleko od sv\u00fdch spole\u010dn\u00edk\u016f. P\u0159ijeli sem, dvan\u00e1ct mu\u017e\u016f a t\u0159i \u017eeny, na toto nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed, kter\u00e9 jsem j\u00e1, ne\u0161\u0165astn\u00fd slu\u017eebn\u00edk mocn\u00e9ho Astarte, p\u0159evzal do vlastnictv\u00ed. K\u00e9\u017e bohov\u00e9 a bohyn\u011b maj\u00ed soucit pro m\u011b!\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Do t\u00e9 doby se Netto pokusil naj\u00edt p\u016fvodn\u00ed n\u00e1pis a jeho \u00fadajn\u00e9ho objevitele. Pisatelem m\u011bl b\u00fdt Joaquim Alves da Costa, \u00fadajn\u011b majitel plant\u00e1\u017ee z m\u00edsta jm\u00e9nem Pouso Alto, v bl\u00edzkosti Para\u00edba. Existuje n\u011bkolik m\u00edst, naz\u00fdvan\u00fdch Pouso Alto, zat\u00edmco jsou jen dv\u011b m\u00edsta s n\u00e1zvem Para\u00edba (jedno v provincii stejn\u00e9ho jm\u00e9na, druh\u00e9 v bl\u00edzkosti Rio de Janeiro). P\u0159esto Joaquima Alves da Costa a jeho majetek, nebylo mo\u017en\u00e9 naj\u00edt.<\/p>\n<p>Netto tak do\u0161el k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee cel\u00e1 z\u00e1le\u017eitost nen\u00ed nic v\u00edc ne\u017e podvod.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1885 Netto zve\u0159ejnil zpr\u00e1vu Lettre pan Ernest Renan \u00e0 propos de l&#8217;N\u00e1pis Ph\u00e9nicienne Apocryphe soumise en 1872 \u00e0 l&#8217;Institut Historique, g\u00e9ographiqe et du Br\u00e9sil ethnographique (&#8222;Dopis M. Ernesta Renana o fale\u0161n\u00e9m f\u00e9nick\u00e9m n\u00e1pise p\u0159edlo\u017een\u00e9m v roce 1872 Brazilsk\u00e9mu historick\u00e9mu, geografick\u00e9mu a etnografick\u00e9mu institutu&#8220;), kde obvinil z podvodu cizince, kte\u0159\u00ed se sna\u017eili zdiskreditovat brazilsk\u00e9 v\u011bdce. (8)<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159esto se zd\u00e1, \u017ee skute\u010dn\u00fd Joachim Alves da Costa Freitas (9), \u017eil v bl\u00edzkosti Pouso Alto v provincii Minas Gerais kolem roku 1870. V\u00ed se o n\u011bm m\u00e1lo, ale \u0161lo o v\u011brohodnou osobu. Je ot\u00e1zka, zda dopis odeslal on nebo n\u011bkdo jin\u00fd pod jeho jm\u00e9nem, aby byl obvin\u011bn z podvodu, co\u017e se v\u0161ak nikdy nestalo.<\/p>\n<p>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh byl o\u017eiven po v\u00edce ne\u017e osmdes\u00e1ti letech po z\u00e1v\u011bre\u010dn\u00e9m odhalen\u00ed podvodu.<\/p>\n<p>Jules Piccus (1920-1997), profesor rom\u00e1nsk\u00fdch jazyk\u016f na Universit\u011b v Massachusetts (Amherst, USA), koupil v roce 1967knihu v bazaru v Providence (New York Public Library Rhode Island, USA), kde byla obsa\u017eena cel\u00e1 korespondence, kterou zaslal Netto knihovn\u00edkovi Wilberforce Eames (1855-1937) (10), kter\u00e1 obsahovala kopii \u00fadajn\u00e9ho n\u00e1pisu a p\u0159eklad po\u0159\u00edzen\u00fd v roce 1874.<\/p>\n<p>Piccus poslal kopii n\u00e1pisu vedouc\u00edmu odd\u011blen\u00ed st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00fdch studi\u00ed na Brandeis University v Waltham (Massachusetts, USA) a odborn\u00edkovi na starov\u011bk\u00e9 semitsk\u00e9 jazyky, Cyrus Gordon Herzl (1909-2001) (11). Ten v\u0161ak na rozd\u00edl od p\u0159edchoz\u00edch odborn\u00edk\u016f do\u0161el k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee n\u00e1pis z Para\u00edba obsahoval prvky f\u00e9nick\u00e9ho stylu, kter\u00e9 nebyly zn\u00e1m\u00e9 v devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9m stolet\u00ed, a ozna\u010dil n\u00e1pis za prav\u00fd. Jeho p\u0159eklad kamene, kter\u00fd se li\u0161\u00ed od p\u0159edchoz\u00edho, zn\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u201cJsem Sidonian Canaanites od m\u011bsta kr\u00e1le Mercantile. Byli jsme vysazeni na tomto vzd\u00e1len\u00e9m b\u0159ehu, zem\u011b hor. Ob\u011btovali jsme mlad\u00edka nebesk\u00fdm boh\u016fm a bohyn\u00edm v devaten\u00e1ct\u00e9m roce na\u0161eho mocn\u00e9ho kr\u00e1le Hiram a pustili se z Esj\u00f3n-geberu do Rud\u00e9ho mo\u0159e. Cestovali jsme s deseti lod\u011bmi a pluli na mo\u0159i dva roky kolem Afriky. Pak jsme se odd\u011blili a Baal od na\u0161ich spole\u010dn\u00edk\u016f. Tak jsme se dostali sem, dvan\u00e1ct mu\u017e\u016f a t\u0159i \u017eeny, na Nov\u00fd b\u0159eh. Jsem admir\u00e1l, mu\u017e, kter\u00fd by cht\u011bl uprchnout? Ne! Nebe\u0161t\u00ed bohov\u00e9 a bohyn\u011b n\u00e1s mohou chr\u00e1nit dob\u0159e!\u201c<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>P\u0159es jistotu o pravosti n\u00e1pisu, se Gordonovi nepoda\u0159ilo z\u00edskat podporu od koleg\u016f. Nav\u00edc se dal do ostr\u00e9ho sporu s Frankem Moore Cross Jr. (1921-2012) (12), emeritn\u00edm profesorem hebrej\u0161tiny a jin\u00fdch orient\u00e1ln\u00edch jazyk\u016f na Harvardu. Cross pouk\u00e1zal na probl\u00e9my s skriptem, slovn\u00ed z\u00e1sobou a pravopisem (co\u017e je v podstat\u011b ka\u017ed\u00fd aspekt n\u00e1pisu), a p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010div\u011b pouk\u00e1zal na to, \u017ee text byl modern\u00ed pad\u011blek.<br \/>\nGordon pokra\u010doval v prosazov\u00e1n\u00ed pravosti tohoto a dal\u0161\u00edch \u00fadajn\u00fdch semitsk\u00fdch n\u00e1pis\u016f v Nov\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b, proti tvrzen\u00ed jin\u00fdch v\u011bdc\u016f, \u017ee takov\u00e9 kontakty se nikdy ve starov\u011bku nekonaly.<\/p>\n<p>Nakonec tvrdil, na z\u00e1klad\u011b hled\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161ifry v textech, \u017ee Francis Bacon byl &#8222;skute\u010dn\u00fdm&#8220; autorem Shakespeare!<\/p>\n<p>Byly provedeny pokusy propojit text n\u00e1pisu z Para\u00edba s brazilsk\u00fdmi zedn\u00e1\u0159i, ale nic nemohlo u\u017e zakr\u00fdt skute\u010dnost, \u017ee cel\u00e1 historie byla od po\u010d\u00e1tku podvodn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>Nena\u0161el se ani pisatel dopisu, ani nebyl k dispozici origin\u00e1ln\u00ed k\u00e1men.<\/p>\n<p>Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, bez stopy kamene, jeho \u00fadajn\u00e9m objeviteli nebo v m\u00edst\u011b n\u00e1lezu, je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 p\u0159ijmout to jako nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e podvod. Pokud jsou jazykov\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, vz\u00edt v \u00favahu, n\u00e1pis je zcela jasn\u011b podvodn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Geraldo Iren\u00eao Joffily v \u010dl\u00e1nku, publikovan\u00e9m v roce 1972, L&#8217;n\u00e1pis Ph\u00e9nicienne de Parahyba (Zeitschriften der Deutschen Gesellschaft Morgenl\u00e4ndischen 122, 22 &#8211; 36) (13), obvinil Ladislau Netto z pad\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1pisu. Pr\u00fd jeho motivem bylo podpo\u0159it vlastn\u00ed kari\u00e9ru a zavd\u011b\u010dit si c\u00edsa\u0159e Dom Pedro II (1825-1891, c\u00edsa\u0159 1831-1889). (14).<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159es tuto zaj\u00edmavou hypot\u00e9zu je jist\u00e9, \u017ee F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9 nikdy do Rio Paraiba nedorazili a toto\u017enost \u0161pr\u00fdma\u0159e, stejn\u011b jako \u00fa\u010del jeho dopisu, z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed nezn\u00e1m\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>(1) <a href=\"http:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%C3%A2ndido_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Viana\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C%C3%A2ndido_Jos%C3%A9_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Viana<\/a><\/em><br \/>\n<em>(2) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ihgb.org.br\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.ihgb.org.br\/<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(3) <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ladislau_de_Souza_Mello_Netto\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ladislau_de_Souza_Mello_Netto<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(4) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.museunacional.ufrj.br\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.museunacional.ufrj.br\/<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(5) <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Renan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernest_Renan<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(6) <a href=\"http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konstantin_Schlottmann\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Konstantin_Schlottmann<\/a><\/em><br \/>\n<em>(7) <a href=\"http:\/\/menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de\/dmg\/periodical\/pageview\/24502\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de\/dmg\/periodical\/pageview\/24502<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(8) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.obrasraras.museunacional.ufrj.br\/o\/0040\/0040.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.obrasraras.museunacional.ufrj.br\/o\/0040\/0040.pdf<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(9) <a href=\"http:\/\/tech.groups.yahoo.com\/group\/epigraphy\/message\/15222\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/tech.groups.yahoo.com\/group\/epigraphy\/message\/15222<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(10) <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilberforce_Eames\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilberforce_Eames<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(11) <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyrus_H._Gordon\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyrus_H._Gordon<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(12) <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Moore_Cross\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frank_Moore_Cross<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(13) <a href=\"http:\/\/menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de\/download\/pdf\/94473?name=L'Inscription Ph\u00e9nicienne de Parahyba\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de\/<\/a>\u00a0<\/em><br \/>\n<em>(14) <a href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedro_II_of_Brazil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedro_II_of_Brazil<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V roce 1872 dostal C\u00e2ndido Jos\u00e9 de Ara\u00fajo Viana (1793-1875) (1) z Visconde (pozd\u011bji Marqu\u00e9s de) Sapucahy, p\u0159edseda Instituto Hist\u00f3rico<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":566,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[53,41,33],"class_list":["post-2791","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-amerika","tag-archeologie","tag-podvod"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2791","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2791"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2791\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2793,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2791\/revisions\/2793"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/566"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2791"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2791"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2791"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}