{"id":2781,"date":"2024-06-01T00:07:38","date_gmt":"2024-05-31T22:07:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=2781"},"modified":"2024-06-30T01:19:06","modified_gmt":"2024-06-29T23:19:06","slug":"jak-vznikly-kratery-na-jamalu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/06\/01\/jak-vznikly-kratery-na-jamalu\/","title":{"rendered":"Jak vznikly kr\u00e1tery na Jamalu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Na poloostrov\u011b Jamal, v Arktid\u011b, na D\u00e1ln\u00e9m severu (1), byly v roce 2014 nalezeny t\u0159i ob\u0159\u00ed kr\u00e1tery.<\/strong> Fenom\u00e9n se okam\u017eit\u011b stal centrem pozornosti odborn\u00edk\u016f i z\u00e1hadolog\u016f. Vyrojilo se mnoho hypot\u00e9z, ale i fantazi\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Co se skute\u010dn\u011b stalo?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

„Efekt \u0161ampa\u0148sk\u00e9ho“<\/strong><\/p>\n

Geologov\u00e9 se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee v mal\u00fdch hloubk\u00e1ch (do 100 metr\u016f) se mohou objevit podzemn\u00ed dutiny, kde se hromad\u00ed plyn a voda.<\/p>\n

Kv\u016fli glob\u00e1ln\u00edmu oteplov\u00e1n\u00ed teplota v dutin\u011b stoup\u00e1, plyn se rozp\u00edn\u00e1 a tato sm\u011bs stoup\u00e1 k povrchu, a vyst\u0159eluje vzh\u016fru zeminu a permafrost. Tyto horniny mohou obsahovat a\u017e 80 procent ledu.<\/p>\n

V podstat\u011b ke stejn\u00e9mu procesu doch\u00e1z\u00ed, kdy\u017e otev\u0159eme oh\u0159\u00e1t\u00e9 \u0161ampa\u0148sk\u00e9. D\u00e1le, slunce roztaje led, tak\u017ee na povrchu z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 relativn\u011b mal\u00e1 vrstva hl\u00edny a obrovsk\u00e1 tajemn\u00e1 d\u00edra.<\/p>\n

Zda k tomuto efektu do\u0161lo i zde, uk\u00e1\u017ee podrobn\u00fd pr\u016fzkum.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed t\u00fdm odborn\u00edk\u016f, veden\u00fdch Marinou Leibmanovou, z \u00dastavu zemsk\u00e9 kryosf\u00e9ry (2), se brzy dostavil na m\u00edsto, a potvrdil sice zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd obsah metanu, ale ne\u0161lo o v\u00fdbu\u0161nou sm\u011bs. (3)<\/p>\n

Jak v\u011bdci sd\u011blili, zat\u00edm nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mo, pro\u010d ke vzniku tohoto \u00fatvaru do\u0161lo.<\/p>\n

Bovan\u011bnkovsk\u00fd \u00fatvar je 70 metr\u016f hlubok\u00e1 \u0161achta o pr\u016fm\u011bru 30 metr\u016f. Je obklopen ze v\u0161ech stran permafrostem. Bl\u00ed\u017ee k povrchu led taje a ve spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed hezk\u00e9 jez\u00edrko.<\/p>\n

Ve spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti \u00fatvaru je m\u00edsto, kde se, podle n\u00e1zoru odborn\u00edk\u016f, n\u011bco stalo s plynem. N\u011bjak\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem se nahromadil, a po zah\u0159\u00e1n\u00ed se roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il a celou tuto 70 metrovou dutinu prorazil.<\/p>\n

Je nutn\u00e9 pochopit podstatu tohoto jevu. Je nutno analyzovat satelitn\u00ed sn\u00edmky, prov\u00e9st vrty a prozkoumat vzorky na obsah r\u016fzn\u00fdch plyn\u016f v podlo\u017e\u00ed, aby se zjistilo, kde se v\u016fbec vzal. Mus\u00ed se prom\u011b\u0159it teplota permafrostu k zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed toho, jak\u00e9 procesy tam prob\u011bhly a jak rychle.<\/p>\n

Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee fenom\u00e9n je spojen s n\u00e1r\u016fstem teploty v permafrostu v ur\u010dit\u00e9 hloubce. Jen\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 teplota p\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed do hloubky a\u017e po n\u011bjak\u00e9 dob\u011b pot\u00e9, co je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e1 i na povrchu. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, tepl\u00e9 l\u00e9to roku 2012 vyslalo tepl\u00e9 vlny do hlubin a v hloubce 10 metr\u016f se projev\u00ed a\u017e za rok, v hloubce 20 m za dva roky, a tak d\u00e1le.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee za vznikem kr\u00e1teru je \u010dinnost m\u00edstn\u00edch t\u011b\u017ea\u0159\u016f plynu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nab\u00eddla se verze, \u017ee p\u0159i t\u011b\u017eb\u011b plynu se lo\u017eiska d\u00e1vaj\u00ed do pohybu a mohou se tak dostat na velk\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti a tak i na povrch. V\u00fdzkumn\u00edci se dotazovali t\u011b\u017ea\u0159\u016f, zda je to mo\u017en\u00e9. Ti p\u0159ipustili takovou mo\u017enost, ov\u0161em jen maxim\u00e1ln\u011b na jeden kilometr. Jen\u017ee zde se nov\u00fd kr\u00e1ter nach\u00e1z\u00ed a\u017e 40 kilometr\u016f od hlavn\u00edho plynov\u00e9ho pole Bovan\u011bnkovo.<\/p>\n

Nav\u00edc v tomto m\u00edst\u011b dosahuje hloubka permafrostu v\u00edce ne\u017e 300 metr\u016f. Plyn se t\u011b\u017e\u00ed v hloubce asi jednoho kilometru. Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee plyn by musel prorazit kilometr horniny a z toho cel\u00fdch 300 – 500 m je v\u011b\u010dn\u011b zmrzl\u00e1 p\u016fda – permafrost. A to je neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9.<\/p>\n

A pak v jednom kr\u00e1teru, kter\u00fd vznikl d\u0159\u00edve, voda u\u017e dos\u00e1hla t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 k povrchu, ale v Bovan\u011bnkovsk\u00e9m kr\u00e1teru je je\u0161t\u011b v hloubce 70 metr\u016f. Pokud by d\u00edra vznikla v d\u016fsledku p\u016fsoben\u00ed plynu, pak by v\u0161echna voda vytekla do dutiny po plynu. A to se nestalo.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Byly na m\u00edst\u011b kr\u00e1teru n\u011bjak\u00e9 osady a lid\u00e9?<\/strong><\/p>\n

To se nev\u00ed. Na poloostrov\u011b Jamal nejsou obydlen\u00e9 osady. Jsou zde pouze pol\u00e1rn\u00ed stanice, a osady, kde se st\u0159\u00eddaj\u00ed t\u011b\u017ea\u0159i plynu. M\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 jsou pastevci, kte\u0159\u00ed putuj\u00ed po Jamalu \u2013 na ja\u0159e k severu, a na podzim zp\u011bt na jih. Nep\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee by N\u011bnci, bez ohledu na \u00farove\u0148 jejich vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed, rozbili sv\u016fj stan na m\u00edst\u011b, kde m\u016f\u017ee doj\u00edt k takov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edhod\u011b.<\/p>\n

Na podrobn\u00fd v\u00fdzkum tohoto jevu se mus\u00ed po\u010dkat a\u017e do p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edho l\u00e9ta. Vrty se v\u0161ak provedou u\u017e v zim\u011b, co\u017e je lep\u0161\u00ed z hlediska pou\u017eit\u00ed t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch stroj\u016f, kter\u00e9 se v zim\u011b l\u00e9pe pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

K tomuto v\u00fdzkumu se mus\u00ed naj\u00edt finan\u010dn\u00ed prost\u0159edky, asi 1,2 mili\u00f3n\u016f rubl\u016f, zejm\u00e9na na dopravu v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f na m\u00edsto vrtuln\u00edky, nebo\u0165 jin\u00fd zp\u016fsob zde nep\u0159ich\u00e1z\u00ed v \u00favahu. Pro plyn\u00e1rensk\u00fd pr\u016fmysl je to ale v podstat\u011b pakatel.<\/p>\n

Podle rusk\u00fdch zdroj\u016f<\/em><\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) http:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) http:\/\/www.ikz.ru\/<\/a> <\/em>
\n(3) https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mHJvA2WWs6k<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Na poloostrov\u011b Jamal, v Arktid\u011b, na D\u00e1ln\u00e9m severu (1), byly v roce 2014 nalezeny t\u0159i ob\u0159\u00ed kr\u00e1tery.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1619,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[17,19],"tags":[42,76],"class_list":["post-2781","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-veda","category-zahady","tag-geologie","tag-rusko"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2781","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2781"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2781\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2785,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2781\/revisions\/2785"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1619"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2781"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2781"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2781"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}