{"id":277,"date":"2023-03-29T00:09:55","date_gmt":"2023-03-28T22:09:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=277"},"modified":"2024-03-14T03:16:16","modified_gmt":"2024-03-14T02:16:16","slug":"basnici-drive-nez-kolumbus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2023\/03\/29\/basnici-drive-nez-kolumbus\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00e1sn\u00edci d\u0159\u00edve ne\u017e Kolumbus?"},"content":{"rendered":"

U\u010debnice d\u011bjepisu n\u00e1m rozd\u011bluj\u00ed lidskou epochu na starov\u011bk, st\u0159edov\u011bk a novov\u011bk.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Epocha novov\u011bku za\u010dala rokem 1492, na den p\u0159esn\u011b 12. \u0159\u00edjna, kdy hl\u00eddky t\u0159\u00ed slavn\u00fdch Kolumbov\u00fdch lod\u00ed spat\u0159ily za prvn\u00edho rann\u00edho \u00fasvitu na horizontu americk\u00fd ostrov Guanahani.<\/em> Od t\u00e9 doby se tak\u00e9 lidstvo p\u0159estalo ob\u00e1vat tajemn\u00e9ho Atlantsk\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n

Rok 1492<\/strong> <\/em>– objeven\u00ed Ameriky \u2014 po\u010d\u00e1tek novov\u011bku. Je to v\u0161echno pravda? Nen\u00ed to snad omyl? M\u00e1 rok 1492 v\u016fbec pr\u00e1vo na to, aby j\u00edm n\u011bco za\u010d\u00ednalo? Co kdy\u017e Amerika byla objevena daleko d\u0159\u00edve, t\u0159eba n\u011bkdy ve starov\u011bku? \u017de je to ne\u00fanosn\u00e1 my\u0161lenka? O to mo\u017en\u00e1 \u00fanosn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed bude n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed hypot\u00e9za.<\/p>\n

V roce 1936 vy\u0161la v Braz\u00edlii zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 kniha m\u00edstn\u00edho archeologa Bernarda de Silva Ramose<\/em> (1), kter\u00e1 se jmenovala \u201eN\u00e1rodopisy p\u0159edhistorick\u00e9 Ameriky“<\/em>. Ramos v n\u00ed v\u011bdecky dokazuje \u0159adu zaj\u00edmavost\u00ed, do t\u00e9 doby nikde nepublikovan\u00fdch. Pro n\u00e1s nejzaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed je jeho tvrzen\u00ed, \u017ee pevnina Amerika byla zn\u00e1ma kulturn\u00edm n\u00e1rod\u016fm asijsk\u00fdm ji\u017e 2000 let p\u0159ed Kolumbem.<\/em> Badatel op\u00edr\u00e1 sv\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed o vykop\u00e1vky, kter\u00e9 provedl ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Braz\u00edlii, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e objevil zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed p\u0159edhistorick\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek. Krom\u011b toho de Silva Ramos rozlu\u0161til z\u00e1hadn\u00fd n\u00e1pis na sk\u00e1le Havea ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Braz\u00edlii: \u201eTir Fenicie Bedezir – prvorozen\u00fd I\u0161baal\u016fv!<\/em>“ F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9, jak je zn\u00e1mo, byli semit\u0161t\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 starov\u011bk\u00e9 F\u00e9nicie a v\u011bnovali se hlavn\u011b obchodu a plavb\u011b. Od za\u010d\u00e1tku druh\u00e9ho tis\u00edcilet\u00ed p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem vytvo\u0159ili \u0159adu m\u011bstsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f pod oligarchickou vl\u00e1dou a prov\u00e1d\u011bli velkolepou kolonizaci; zalo\u017eili osady v Africe, Hispanii i na Sic\u00edlii.<\/p>\n

A nyn\u00ed si v\u0161imn\u011bme n\u00e1pisu \u201eTir Fenicie Bedezir – prvorozen\u00fd I\u0161baal\u016fv<\/em>„. De Silva Ramos<\/em> dedukuje svou my\u0161lenku z tohoto n\u00e1pisu a voln\u011b ji vykl\u00e1d\u00e1 asi takto: N\u00e1pis provedli F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9 z m\u011bsta Tyros,<\/em> proto Tir,<\/em> za vl\u00e1dy syna kr\u00e1le Bedezira I\u0161baala.<\/em> Brazilsk\u00fd archeolog dokonce tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee F\u00e9ni\u010dan\u00e9 vedli se sv\u00fdmi americk\u00fdmi koloniemi \u010dil\u00fd obchod.<\/p>\n

A te\u010f se na v\u011bc pod\u00edvejme z jin\u00e9ho konce, kter\u00fd za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 rovn\u011b\u017e ve starov\u011bku. \u010ctrn\u00e1ct set let p\u0159ed Kolumbem se ud\u00e1la ve star\u00e9m \u0158\u00edm\u011b v\u00fdznamn\u00e1 a zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 ud\u00e1lost. Onoho dne byla na sc\u00e9n\u011b divadla hr\u00e1na nov\u00e1 Senekova trag\u00e9die \u201eM\u00e9dea\u201c. A tu sly\u0161eli \u0159\u00edm\u0161t\u00ed div\u00e1ci tvrzen\u00ed velmi podivn\u00e9, kter\u00e9 i dnes, po tolika stalet\u00edch, udivuje svou p\u0159esnost\u00ed. Ch\u00f3r toti\u017e ve h\u0159e n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t opakuje, \u017ee \u201ep\u0159ijdou stalet\u00ed, v budoucnu, kdy Oce\u00e1n nebude ji\u017e p\u0159edstavovat hranic \u2014 objev\u00ed se ohromn\u00fd kraj \u2014 a bohyn\u011b mo\u0159e Thetis<\/em> odhal\u00ed nov\u00e9 sv\u011bty – a ostrov Thul\u00e9<\/em> nebude ji\u017e posledn\u00ed na Zemi \u2026“<\/p>\n

V\u00edme, \u017ee ofici\u00e1ln\u011b se v t\u00e9 dob\u011b nikdo nep\u0159eplavil p\u0159es Atlantik a nikdo nev\u011bd\u011bl o existenci Ameriky. Kdo mohl inspirovat Seneku (2), slavn\u00e9ho u\u010ditele a r\u00e1dce Neronova, k podobn\u00e9mu v\u00fdroku? \u0160lo o pouhou b\u00e1snickou vizi nebo o jistotu? V\u00edme p\u0159ece, \u017ee Seneka p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dil sm\u011br, kde se nov\u00e1 pevnina rozkl\u00e1d\u00e1. A kdy\u017e k tomu je\u0161t\u011b kup\u0159. p\u0159id\u00e1me jeho dal\u0161\u00ed zem\u011bpisn\u00fd objev, toti\u017e p\u0159esn\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed pramen\u016f Nilu, co\u017e mu potvrdili dva \u00fa\u0159edn\u00edci vysl\u00e1ni a\u017e do Habe\u0161e, pak p\u0159i tro\u0161ce odvahy bychom se mohli p\u0159iklonit k tomu, \u017ee Seneka m\u011bl jistotu.<\/p>\n

Z \u010deho v\u0161ak pramenila?<\/p>\n

T\u0159eba z f\u00e9nick\u00fdch pramen\u016f, kter\u00fdch se \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 zmocnili po vyvr\u00e1cen\u00ed f\u00e9nick\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f a kter\u00e9 mohly dosti dob\u0159e sho\u0159et p\u0159i zn\u00e1m\u00e9m po\u017e\u00e1ru \u0158\u00edma. Toto ov\u0161em, a\u017e na citaci ze Senekovy M\u00e9dey, je pouze k\u0159ehk\u00e1 nev\u011bdeck\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za.<\/p>\n

Dr\u017eme se v\u0161ak historick\u00fdch pramen\u016f.<\/p>\n

Je v\u0161eobecn\u011b zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee po F\u00e9ni\u010danech byli dal\u0161\u00ed, koho l\u00e1kaly mo\u0159sk\u00e9 d\u00e1lky – Kartaginci. Odv\u00e1\u017en\u00fd kartaginsk\u00fd plavec Hannon<\/em> (3) se p\u0159eplavil mezi Heraklov\u00fdm\u00ed sloupy a dal se pod\u00e9l z\u00e1padn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Afriky na jih. V kraji, kde byla velk\u00e1 \u201eKou\u0159\u00edc\u00ed hora“, zalo\u017eil pak kolonii. Jde z\u0159ejm\u011b o kraj v dne\u0161n\u00edm Kamerunu a ten je z africk\u00e9ho kontinentu nejbl\u00ed\u017ee Braz\u00edlii. A tamn\u00ed domorodci mohli Kartaginc\u016fm t\u0159eba vypr\u00e1v\u011bt, \u017ee za mo\u0159em je…<\/p>\n

Vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se tak dal\u0161\u00ed nepodlo\u017een\u00e1 hypot\u00e9za? Mo\u017en\u00e1, ale v t\u00e9to souvislosti je stejn\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 jedna p\u0159\u00edhoda z punsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek, z n\u00ed\u017e – zase p\u0159i tro\u0161ce odvahy – bychom mohli usuzovat, \u017ee Kartaginci d\u00edky informac\u00edm z rovn\u00edkov\u00e9 Afriky v\u011bd\u011bli o existenc\u00ed zaatlantick\u00e9 pevniny.
\nV \u0159\u00edmsk\u00fdch pramenech je toti\u017e – v souvislosti s punsk\u00fdmi v\u00e1lkami – z\u00e1pis o podivn\u00e9m po\u010d\u00edn\u00e1ni a z\u00e1niku jedn\u00e9 kartaginsk\u00e9 gal\u00e9ry. \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 gal\u00e9ry velmi pe\u010dliv\u011b st\u0159e\u017eily zn\u00e1mou cestu z vlasti na C\u00ednov\u00e9 ostrovy (Kassiteridy<\/em> – na z\u00e1padn\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Anglie) a p\u0159i jedn\u00e9 z t\u011bchto hl\u00eddek \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 spat\u0159ili t\u011b\u017ece nalo\u017eenou nep\u0159\u00e1telskou gal\u00e9ru, kter\u00e1 p\u0159iplouvala – z Atlantsk\u00e9ho oce\u00e1nu! Odkud vlastn\u011b ta lo\u010f plula? V\u017edy\u0165 zde kon\u010dil zn\u00e1m\u00fd sv\u011bt! T\u011b\u017ece nalo\u017een\u00e1 lo\u010f nemohla uniknout sv\u00fdm pron\u00e1sledovatel\u016fm, a proto se p\u0159ed zraky jednoho sta \u0158\u00edman\u016f potopila i s pos\u00e1dkou.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d? Aby bylo uchov\u00e1no tajemstv\u00ed cesty za Atlantik?<\/p>\n

Ale m\u016f\u017eeme j\u00edt je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1l. To, \u017ee potomek islandsk\u00fdch Viking\u016f Herjolfr (4) p\u0159i sv\u00e9 cest\u011b z Gr\u00f3nska na rodn\u00fd ostrov zbloudil a dostal se a\u017e k b\u0159eh\u016fm dne\u0161n\u00ed Kanady, to se u\u017e tak\u00e9 za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 br\u00e1t za historick\u00fd fakt. Av\u0161ak to je ji\u017e st\u0159edov\u011bk. A ten je tak\u00e9 pln\u00fd nejasn\u00fdch nar\u00e1\u017eek na existenci pevniny za oce\u00e1nem.<\/p>\n

Pozastavme se t\u0159eba u st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed o opatu sv. Brendanovi<\/em> (5), kter\u00fd pr\u00fd nalezl se sedmn\u00e1cti sv\u00fdmi druhy jak\u00fdsi n\u00e1dhern\u00fd a posv\u00e1tn\u00fd ostrov v \u0161ir\u00e9m Atlantsk\u00e9m oce\u00e1nu. Vypr\u00e1v\u00ed se t\u00e9\u017e o sedmi \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch biskupech, kte\u0159\u00ed uprchli p\u0159ed Maury a zalo\u017eili na jin\u00e9m n\u00e1dhern\u00e9m ostrov\u011b sedm m\u011bst. Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed se mohou dob\u0159e v\u00e1zat k legend\u00e1rn\u00ed Atlantid\u011b, kdyby tato ov\u0161em ji\u017e nem\u011bla z mapy zmizet o n\u011bkolik stalet\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve. M\u016f\u017ee se v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 v\u00e1zat ke kontinentu za Atlantikem, pon\u011bvad\u017e v tomto vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed ji\u017e figuruj\u00ed n\u00e1m tak srozumiteln\u00e1 jm\u00e9na, jako je zem\u011b brazilsk\u00e1 a ostrovy Antilly.<\/p>\n

Vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed bylo z\u0159ejm\u011b tak sugestivn\u00ed, \u017ee donutilo ben\u00e1tsk\u00e9 kresli\u010de map, aby zm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9 zem\u011b zakreslili roku 1367 do sv\u00fdch n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00edch map. A \u017ee tato vypr\u00e1v\u011bn\u00ed nez\u016fstala jenom p\u0159i tom a byla v\u0161eobecn\u011b zn\u00e1ma i \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti, vid\u00edme z toho, \u017ee kdy\u017e se vypravoval italsk\u00fd mo\u0159eplavec Giovanni Caboto (6) na sv\u00e9 objevn\u00e9 cesty, \u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9 si \u0161eptali, \u017ee pluje naj\u00edt ostrov Braz\u00edlii se sedmi m\u011bsty a Antilly.<\/p>\n

Kry\u0161tof Kolumbus putoval od jednoho dvora k druh\u00e9mu, aby z\u00edskal finan\u010dn\u00ed pomoc. Je dost dob\u0159e mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee v t\u00e9 dob\u011b tak\u00e9 zav\u00edtal na medicejsk\u00fd dv\u016fr ve Florencii a sly\u0161el dvorn\u00edho b\u00e1sn\u00edka Luigi Pulciho<\/em> (7), jak ve sv\u00e9 b\u00e1sni \u201eMorgante Maggiore<\/em>“ p\u011bje: \u201eJe omylem velk\u00fdm se domn\u00edvat, \u017ee za Heraklov\u00fdmi sloupy konec sv\u011bta je. I d\u00e1l se m\u016f\u017ee plouti – a jsou tam m\u011bsta, hrady a kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed – ale neznali ho lid\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve…“<\/em>
\nI zde p\u0159edb\u00edh\u00e1 b\u00e1snick\u00e1 inspirace Kolumba,<\/em> by\u0165 i o jedno desetilet\u00ed, nebo\u0165, \u201eMorgante Maggiore<\/em>“ byl prokazateln\u011b naps\u00e1n mezi lety 1482-83.<\/p>\n

Nev\u00edme ov\u0161em, zda Kolumbus byl natolik vzd\u011blan\u00fd, aby v\u011bd\u011bl o existenci starov\u011bk\u00e9ho autora M\u00e9dey,<\/em> znal-li p\u0159\u00edhodu z punsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, nebo p\u0159i\u0161el-li do styku s n\u011bjak\u00fdm vikingsk\u00fdm potomkem, \u010di vid\u011bl tu ben\u00e1tskou mapu s p\u0159esn\u00fdm ozna\u010den\u00edm ostrov\u016f Braz\u00edlia<\/em> a Antilly,<\/em> ale d\u00e1 se usuzovat, \u017ee jeho sk\u00e1lopevn\u00e1 v\u016fle plout na z\u00e1pad byla podlo\u017eena jistotou. Ale t\u0159eba p\u0159ece jenom v\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee Seneka …<\/p>\n

A v tom p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b by mo\u017en\u00e1 souhlasil, \u017ee ten n\u00e1\u0161 novov\u011bk vlastn\u011b za\u010dal ji\u017e ve starov\u011bku.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bernardo_de_Azevedo_da_Silva_Ramos<\/a><\/em>
\n(2) https:\/\/cs.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seneca<\/a> <\/em>
\n(3) https:\/\/pl.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hannon_%28%C5%BCeglarz%29<\/a><\/em>
\n(4) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herjulf_B%C3%A5rdsson<\/a> <\/em>
\n(5) https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brendan<\/a> <\/em>
\n(6) https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Giovanni_Caboto<\/a><\/em>
\n(7) https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luigi_Pulci<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

U\u010debnice d\u011bjepisu n\u00e1m rozd\u011bluj\u00ed lidskou epochu na starov\u011bk, st\u0159edov\u011bk a novov\u011bk.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":286,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[24,37],"class_list":["post-277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-evropa","tag-severni-amerika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/277","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=277"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/277\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":287,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/277\/revisions\/287"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/286"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=277"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=277"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=277"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}