{"id":2767,"date":"2024-11-30T00:27:20","date_gmt":"2024-11-29T23:27:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=2767"},"modified":"2024-09-02T01:29:37","modified_gmt":"2024-09-01T23:29:37","slug":"atomove-auto","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/11\/30\/atomove-auto\/","title":{"rendered":"Atomov\u00e9 auto"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Tajn\u00fd sov\u011btsk\u00fd projekt<\/strong><!--more--><br \/>\nLetos je tomu 59 let, co br\u00e1ny mont\u00e1\u017en\u00ed d\u00edlny opustil v\u016fz Volga-Atom, prvn\u00ed civiln\u00ed automobil, poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd nikoli spalov\u00e1n\u00edm fosiln\u00edch paliv, ale atomovou energi\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V roce 1949 se Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz stal druhou zem\u00ed na sv\u011bt\u011b, kter\u00e1 \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b postavila a otestovala jadernou zbra\u0148.<\/p>\n<p>Ale jadern\u00e1 energie nemohou b\u00fdt jen zbran\u011b. Za\u010dalo se hledat i dal\u0161\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Z\u00e1vod o m\u00edrumilovn\u00fd atom<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V \u0159\u00edjnu 1954 byla postavena Obninsk\u00e1 jadern\u00e1 elektr\u00e1rna, a v lednu 1955 vyplula na mo\u0159e americk\u00e1 atomov\u00e1 ponorka Nautilus, prvn\u00ed, i kdy\u017e ne civiln\u00edm, plavidlem, poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fdm energi\u00ed atomov\u00e9ho v\u011bku.<br \/>\nV prosinci 1959 byl spu\u0161t\u011bn na vodu ledoborec Lenin s jadern\u00fdm pohonem.<\/p>\n<p>O n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji vplulo do oce\u00e1nu n\u011bkolik dal\u0161\u00edch civiln\u00edch lod\u00ed s jadern\u00fdm pohonem &#8211; americk\u00e1 lo\u010f Savannah (1964) a n\u011bmeck\u00e1 Otto Hahn (1968). Japonsk\u00e1 lo\u010f Mutsu m\u011bla velk\u00e9 zpo\u017ed\u011bn\u00ed kv\u016fli technick\u00fdm probl\u00e9m\u016fm, a byla uvedena do provozu a\u017e v roce 1990.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Atom na silnici?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Pades\u00e1t\u00e1 l\u00e9ta byla pln\u00e1 n\u00e1pad\u016f a hled\u00e1n\u00ed vyu\u017eit\u00ed jadern\u00e9 energie.<\/p>\n<p>V\u011bdci, in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i a vyn\u00e1lezci hledali p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost, jak jadernou energii zap\u0159\u00e1hnout. Byly po\u017eadov\u00e1ny nekonven\u010dn\u00ed n\u00e1pady.<\/p>\n<p>A jeden z nich se brzy na\u0161el. V roce 1957 automobilka Ford p\u0159edstavila ve\u0159ejnosti jeden z nejambici\u00f3zn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch koncept\u016f ve sv\u00e9 historii \u2013 Ford Nucleon. Design\u00e9\u0159i ztv\u00e1rnili svou vizi auta budoucnosti, a to ani ne na maket\u011b v pln\u00e9 velikosti, ale na modelu v m\u011b\u0159\u00edtku 3:8. Nucleon vypadal extr\u00e9mn\u011b futuristicky, ale nejneobvyklej\u0161\u00ed nebyl jeho vzhled, ale navrhovan\u00fd zdroj energie &#8211; velmi kompaktn\u00ed jadern\u00fd reaktor. V\u011bc ne\u0161la d\u00e1l ne\u017e k maket\u011b, a jej\u00edmu koncep\u010dn\u00edmu popisu, ale obecn\u011b se uzn\u00e1v\u00e1, \u017ee Ford Nucleon se stal jak\u00fdmsi symbolem atomov\u00e9ho v\u011bku.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2771 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"289\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto2.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto2-300x193.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2772 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto3.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto3-300x137.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Slep\u00e1 v\u011btev v\u00fdvoje<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 probl\u00e9m\u016fm s m\u011b\u0159\u00edtkem vznikl jadern\u00fd stroj pro stavbu silnic, p\u0159esn\u011bji \u0159e\u010deno jadern\u00fd silni\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1lec. Kdy\u017e projekt p\u0159edstavili sov\u011btsk\u00e9mu v\u016fdci Nikitu S. Chru\u0161\u010dovovi (1894-1971), byl nad\u0161en. Napadlo ho, \u017ee s pomoc\u00ed takov\u00e9ho v\u00e1lce je mo\u017en\u00e9 s vyu\u017eit\u00edm p\u0159ebyte\u010dn\u00e9ho tepla generovan\u00e9ho reaktorem, postavit silnici rovnou jako \u0161\u00edp a hladkou jako zrcadlo, a to i v nejhust\u0161\u00edch les\u00edch, za minim\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1klady.<\/p>\n<p>Jedna takov\u00e1 silnice byla postavena do konce roku 1959. O\u010dit\u00fd sv\u011bdek stroj popsal takto: \u201eAni v t\u011bch nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch lomech jsem takov\u00e9 obry nevid\u011bl; Stroj o v\u00fd\u0161ce sedmipatrov\u00e9 budovy a \u0161\u00ed\u0159ce 20 m polo\u017eil p\u0159\u00edmou a rovnou cestu v lese, a jednodu\u0161e sp\u00e9k\u00e1 horn\u00ed vrstvu p\u016fdy p\u0159i teplot\u011b p\u0159es 500 stup\u0148\u016f.\u201c P\u0159i testov\u00e1n\u00ed stroje, proveden\u00e9m na Sibi\u0159i, zanechaly po sob\u011b 25kilometrov\u00fd \u00fasek nejvelkolep\u011bj\u0161\u00ed silnice p\u0159\u00edmo p\u0159es tajgu, p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b v polovin\u011b cesty mezi Tomskem a Novosibirskem. Cesta by byla dl\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00e1 a\u017e do konce, ale nastal probl\u00e9m: unaven\u00e1 obsluha stroje usnula za p\u00e1kami a jedine\u010dn\u00fd stavebn\u00ed stroj se zabo\u0159il do ba\u017einy.<\/p>\n<p>Mezit\u00edm byl automobil Ford Nucleon prezentov\u00e1n na r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u00fdstav\u00e1ch a v roce 1958 na jednom z americk\u00fdch autosalon\u016f jej vid\u011bl druh\u00fd tajemn\u00edk sov\u011btsk\u00e9ho velvyslanectv\u00ed, Vladimir Sinjavin. Byl velk\u00fdm nad\u0161encem technologick\u00e9ho pokroku a my\u0161lenku atomov\u00e9ho vozu nad\u0161en\u011b popsal ve sv\u00e9 zpr\u00e1v\u011b. Proto\u017ee se v n\u00ed zmi\u0148oval atomov\u00fd projekt, byla zpr\u00e1va doma pe\u010dliv\u011b prostudov\u00e1na. Arm\u00e1da se o to nezaj\u00edmala, proto\u017ee to, co bylo pops\u00e1no, pova\u017eovala za pr\u00e1zdnou fantazii, ale pro ka\u017ed\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad byla zpr\u00e1va zasl\u00e1na Ministerstvu st\u0159edn\u00edho in\u017een\u00fdrstv\u00ed SSSR, kter\u00e9 pak dohl\u00ed\u017eelo na v\u0161echny jadern\u00e9 projekty. Vid\u011bl ji jeden z n\u00e1m\u011bstk\u016f ministra, Jefim Pavlovi\u010d Slavskij. Tak za\u010dal nezn\u00e1m\u00fd p\u0159\u00edb\u011bh \u00fa\u017easn\u00e9ho vozu, kter\u00fd by mohl zp\u016fsobit revoluci v cel\u00e9m glob\u00e1ln\u00edm automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2778 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto9.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto9.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto9-300x171.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2776 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto7.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"231\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto7.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto7-300x154.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Dos\u00e1hnout nemo\u017en\u00e9ho<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Slavsk\u00e9mu se tato my\u0161lenka zd\u00e1la zaj\u00edmav\u00e1, a d\u016fv\u011brn\u011b po\u017e\u00e1dal n\u011bkolik atomov\u00fdch fyzik\u016f, aby prozkoumali mo\u017enosti realizace takov\u00e9ho projektu. Odpov\u011b\u010f byla zcela jednozna\u010dn\u00e1: &#8222;Pr\u00e1zdn\u00e9 fantazie!&#8220;. Na dal\u0161\u00ed sch\u016fzce v Kremlu se o tom Slavskij \u017eertem letmo zm\u00ednil \u2013 pod\u00edvejte se, jak\u00fd nesmysl Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 d\u011blaj\u00ed. O\u010dek\u00e1val, \u017ee se Chru\u0161\u010dov zasm\u011bje s n\u00edm, ale reakce byla zcela jin\u00e1. Nikita Sergejevi\u010d Chru\u0161\u010dov ministra vyslechl a najednou v\u00e1\u017en\u011b \u0159ekl: &#8222;A pro\u010d takov\u00e9 vozidlo nevyrob\u00edme? V\u017edy\u0165 s t\u00edm ledoborcem se to povedlo!&#8220; A tak se na to pod\u00edvali dal\u0161\u00ed v\u011bdci. Pokusy zm\u011bnit n\u00e1zor gener\u00e1ln\u00edho tajemn\u00edka byly ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9, Chru\u0161\u010dov v\u0161echny n\u00e1mitky odm\u00edtl m\u00e1vnut\u00edm ruky: &#8222;Kdy\u017e to neum\u011bj\u00ed tito fyzikov\u00e9, najd\u011bte si jin\u00e9.&#8220; A tak se muselo hledat a hledat.<\/p>\n<p>A takov\u00ed fyzikov\u00e9 se na\u0161li. Byla vytvo\u0159ena Automobilov\u00e1 konstruk\u010dn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159 (AKB), kterou vedl Alexandr Eduardovi\u010d Kamn\u011bv, aby navrhla automobil poh\u00e1n\u011bn\u00fd jadernou energi\u00ed. AKB se zab\u00fdvalo v\u00fdvojem jadern\u00e9ho pohonu.<\/p>\n<p>Fyzikov\u00e9 se rychle p\u0159esv\u011bd\u010dili, \u017ee jadern\u00fd pohon na ledoborci Lenin, nebo na jadern\u00fdch ponork\u00e1ch se ned\u00e1 zmen\u0161it. Postavit st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed reaktor na auto bylo nemysliteln\u00e9 &#8211; auto by bylo obrovsk\u00e9. Fyzikov\u00e9 na tomto probl\u00e9mu pracovali a\u017e do roku 1960, ale bez v\u011bt\u0161\u00edho \u00fasp\u011bchu, a\u017e na dal\u0161\u00ed sch\u016fzi n\u011bkdo vyk\u0159ikl: &#8222;Nefunguje to, ani kdybychom dali do v\u00e1lc\u016f motoru uran!&#8220; &#8211; A to p\u0159ivedlo Kamn\u011bva na my\u0161lenku, kter\u00e1 se uk\u00e1zala b\u00fdt velmi plodnou.<\/p>\n<p>My\u0161lenka byla n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: Konven\u010dn\u00ed reaktor vy\u017eaduje pom\u011brn\u011b zna\u010dn\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed radioaktivn\u00edho uranu. S klesaj\u00edc\u00ed hmotnost\u00ed paliva kles\u00e1 n\u00e1sobitel neutron\u016f a reaktor p\u0159est\u00e1v\u00e1 b\u00fdt kritick\u00fd &#8211; &#8222;vyhas\u00edn\u00e1&#8220;. P\u0159itom kriti\u010dnost reaktoru z\u00e1vis\u00ed nejen na hmotnosti radioaktivn\u00edho materi\u00e1lu, kter\u00fd je do n\u011bj vlo\u017een, ale tak\u00e9 na jeho konstrukci a konfiguraci. Kamn\u011bv navrhl pou\u017e\u00edt klasick\u00e9 &#8222;d\u011blov\u00e9 sch\u00e9ma&#8220;, dob\u0159e zn\u00e1m\u00e9 jadern\u00fdm fyzik\u016fm z konstrukce prvn\u00edch atomov\u00fdch bomb, vyroben\u00fdch z uranu (pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00ed plutoniov\u00e9 se vyr\u00e1b\u011bly podle jin\u00e9ho sch\u00e9matu &#8211; implozivn\u00edho). Podstata jeho fungov\u00e1n\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee kdy\u017e se dva kusy obohacen\u00e9ho uranu spoj\u00ed, spust\u00ed se \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e1 reakce, zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed se faktor n\u00e1soben\u00ed neutron\u016f a reakce se stane samosp\u00e1dnou. V bomb\u011b to jde je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1l &#8211; spust\u00ed se rostouc\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzov\u00e1 reakce a dojde k v\u00fdbuchu. Pr\u00e1ce b\u011b\u017en\u00e9ho spalovac\u00edho motoru je v\u0161ak s\u00e9ri\u00ed mal\u00fdch v\u00fdbuch\u016f! Reakci je t\u0159eba pouze v\u010das zastavit, aby se cyklus motoru uzav\u0159el.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2775 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto6.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto6.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto6-300x178.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2777 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto8.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"258\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto8.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto8-300x172.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>Atomov\u00e9 srdce<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Koncem roku 1961 byla konstrukce z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti zpracov\u00e1na. Motor A21 byl zcela tradi\u010dn\u00ed \u010dty\u0159v\u00e1lcov\u00fd agreg\u00e1t, u n\u011bho\u017e byly na konc\u00edch p\u00edst\u016f a v\u00e1lc\u016f um\u00edst\u011bny podlo\u017eky z uranu obohacen\u00e9ho izotopem 235. Motor A21 byl vyroben v roce 1952. Na konci v\u00e1lce se nach\u00e1zel tak\u00e9 puk z grafitu, moder\u00e1tor neutron\u016f. Pracovn\u00edm t\u011blesem bylo helium, kter\u00e9 se do v\u00e1lc\u016f \u010derpalo. P\u0159i stla\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed se hmoty uranu p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eily k sob\u011b a za\u010dal se zvy\u0161ovat n\u00e1sobitel neutron\u016f. V d\u016fsledku vzniku tepla se helium zah\u0159\u00e1lo a za\u010dalo se rozp\u00ednat, \u010d\u00edm\u017e tla\u010dilo p\u00edst nahoru &#8211; to byl pracovn\u00ed zdvih. Motor bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 ovl\u00e1dat a zastavovat pomoc\u00ed tlumic\u00edch ty\u010d\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byly um\u00edst\u011bny v m\u00edst\u011b ventil\u016f a vysouvaly se nez\u00e1visle na ot\u00e1\u010dej\u00edc\u00edm se va\u010dkov\u00e9m h\u0159\u00eddeli s prom\u011bnn\u00fdmi f\u00e1zemi va\u010dek. P\u0159i spot\u0159ebov\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed jadern\u00e9ho paliva se f\u00e1ze posouvaly, aby se vyrovnalo &#8222;vyho\u0159en\u00ed&#8220; paliva. Vst\u0159ikov\u00e1n\u00ed roztoku kyseliny borit\u00e9 do v\u00e1lc\u016f slou\u017eilo k nouzov\u00e9mu &#8222;ha\u0161en\u00ed&#8220; reaktoru p\u0159i podkritick\u00fdch hav\u00e1ri\u00edch. Cel\u00e1 jednotka byla um\u00edst\u011bna ve zcela hermeticky uzav\u0159en\u00e9m biokontejneru, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e venku bylo pouze potrub\u00ed druh\u00e9ho chladic\u00edho okruhu a magnetick\u00e1 spojka, kter\u00e1 ot\u00e1\u010dela p\u0159evodovkou.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2779 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto4.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"239\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto4.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto4-300x159.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Po p\u016fl roce se\u0159izov\u00e1n\u00ed a experiment\u016f pracoval motor instalovan\u00fd na zku\u0161ebn\u00ed stolici t\u0159i m\u011bs\u00edce zcela norm\u00e1ln\u011b, a m\u011bl najeto p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 70 000 kilometr\u016f. Bylo na\u010dase jej vyzkou\u0161et. Na konstrukci podvozku byli najati in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i speci\u00e1ln\u011b vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 pracovn\u00ed skupiny Gork\u00e9ho automobilov\u00e9ho z\u00e1vodu (GAZ). \u00dakol, kter\u00fd jim byl zad\u00e1n, je velmi p\u0159ekvapil. Podvozek musel b\u00fdt v\u00fdrazn\u011b zes\u00edlen: A23 nev\u00e1\u017eil 200 kg, jako standardn\u00ed motor GAZ-21, ale t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 500 kg. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 m\u011bl motor na tehdej\u0161\u00ed dobu naprosto fantastick\u00e9 vlastnosti: 320 kon\u00ed a to\u010div\u00fd moment p\u0159es 800 Nm p\u0159i n\u00edzk\u00fdch ot\u00e1\u010dk\u00e1ch (60 ot\/min). Po\u017eadavky tak\u00e9 stanovily \u00fapln\u00e9 vylou\u010den\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupu pod kapotu, absenci palivov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, a p\u0159ipojen\u00fdch agreg\u00e1t\u016f a zejm\u00e9na &#8211; p\u0159\u00edtomnost produktivn\u00edho chladic\u00edho syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8222;Volga-Atom&#8220;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V dubnu 1965 se v\u016fz vydal na testovac\u00ed stanovi\u0161t\u011b u Severska. Podle vzpom\u00ednek Valentina Semenova, kter\u00fd se pod\u00edlel na v\u00fdvoji motoru a poda\u0159ilo se mu sv\u00e9zt se za volantem automobilu \u2013 nebo atomobilu? &#8211; byly pocity zcela neobvykl\u00e9: v\u016fz byl velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00fd, ale v\u00fdkon motoru kompenzoval zv\u00fd\u0161enou hmotnost. Akcelerace byla svi\u017en\u00e1, ale s brzd\u011bn\u00edm to bylo hor\u0161\u00ed. A tak\u00e9 motor byl velmi tepl\u00fd, a ve voze bylo navzdory sibi\u0159sk\u00e9mu chladn\u00e9mu jaru velk\u00e9 horko.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2770 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto1.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/zaz_atomove-auto1-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Testy uk\u00e1zaly, \u017ee konstrukce je zcela funk\u010dn\u00ed, s re\u00e1lnou \u017eivotnost\u00ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 60 000 kilometr\u016f. Pot\u00e9 v\u0161ak bylo nutn\u00e9 vym\u011bnit celou pohonnou jednotku, co\u017e je u civiln\u00edch vozidel velmi problematick\u00e9 a neekonomick\u00e9. Fyzici proto za\u010dali pracovat na druh\u00e9 verzi motoru &#8211; s palivem v plynn\u00e9 f\u00e1zi v podob\u011b hexafluoridu uranu nam\u00edsto pevn\u00e9ho uranu. Hexafluorid sou\u010dasn\u011b slou\u017eil jako pracovn\u00ed m\u00e9dium m\u00edsto helia, kter\u00e9 v prvn\u00ed verzi tak\u00e9 zp\u016fsobovalo mnoho pot\u00ed\u017e\u00ed, unikalo sebemen\u0161\u00edmi mezerami v t\u011bsn\u011bn\u00ed a dokonce i st\u011bnami (pro udr\u017een\u00ed jeho hladiny byl motor vybaven v\u00e1lcem s heliem a automatick\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem vyrovn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u016ftoku). Grafitov\u00fd moder\u00e1tor v\u0161ak musel b\u00fdt vyroben por\u00e9zn\u00ed, aby se plyn mohl \u00fa\u010dinn\u011bji prom\u00edch\u00e1vat a mohla v n\u011bm prob\u00edhat \u0161t\u011bpn\u00e1 reakce. Nov\u00fd motor m\u011bl men\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon (200 ko\u0148sk\u00fdch sil, 150 kW) a jeho kilometrov\u00fd prob\u011bh na jednu n\u00e1pl\u0148 paliva se sn\u00ed\u017eil na p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 40 000 km (podle v\u00fdsledk\u016f test\u016f). Pro &#8222;tankov\u00e1n\u00ed&#8220; v\u0161ak ji\u017e nebylo nutn\u00e9 m\u011bnit cel\u00fd motor, sta\u010dilo do v\u00e1lc\u016f napumpovat novou z\u00e1sobu hexafluoridu uranu.<\/p>\n<p>P\u016fvodn\u011b se pl\u00e1novalo vyrobit n\u011bkolik prototyp\u016f voz\u016f, kter\u00e9 se m\u011bly p\u0159edv\u00e1d\u011bt na v\u00fdstav\u00e1ch a vozit v nich vz\u00e1cn\u00e9 hosty. B\u011bhem v\u00fdvoje motoru a samotn\u00e9ho vozu se v\u0161ak situace zm\u011bnila. Chru\u0161\u010dov opustil post gener\u00e1ln\u00edho tajemn\u00edka a Leonid I. Bre\u017en\u011bv (1906-1982), kter\u00fd ho nahradil, takov\u00e9 ambice nem\u011bl. Projekt byl tedy bez velk\u00e9ho hluku uzav\u0159en. A dva prototypy automobil\u016f (bez motor\u016f, kter\u00e9 byly vyjmuty k dekontaminaci a poh\u0159beny), dlouho st\u00e1ly na zku\u0161ebn\u00edm polygonu a pak byly zlikvidov\u00e1ny.<\/p>\n<p>Nad\u0161en\u00ed doby, kdy se lid\u00e9 neb\u00e1li chytit atom za pa\u010desy, ode\u0161lo s nimi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tajn\u00fd sov\u011btsk\u00fd projekt<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1768,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[43,50],"class_list":["post-2767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-sssr","tag-technika"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2767","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2767"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2767\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2769,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2767\/revisions\/2769"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1768"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2767"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2767"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2767"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}