{"id":2404,"date":"2024-03-26T00:12:58","date_gmt":"2024-03-25T23:12:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=2404"},"modified":"2024-04-12T03:27:31","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T01:27:31","slug":"tajemstvi-stavby-egyptskych-pyramid-odhalil-stary-papyrus","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/03\/26\/tajemstvi-stavby-egyptskych-pyramid-odhalil-stary-papyrus\/","title":{"rendered":"Tajemstv\u00ed stavby egyptsk\u00fdch pyramid odhalil star\u00fd papyrus"},"content":{"rendered":"

Archeologov\u00e9 objevili den\u00edk jednoho z „p\u0159ed\u00e1k\u016f“, kte\u0159\u00ed stav\u011bli Velkou Cheopsovu pyramidu, a potvrzen\u00ed jeho sv\u011bdectv\u00ed.<\/strong>
\nZ\u00e1hadu stavby pyramid se lid\u00e9 sna\u017e\u00ed rozlu\u0161tit ji\u017e v\u00edce ne\u017e 2 tis\u00edce let.<\/p>\n

Staroegyptsk\u00fdch papyr\u016f je mnoho. Zd\u00e1lo by se, \u017ee mezi t\u00edmto velk\u00fdm mno\u017estv\u00edm by m\u011bl b\u00fdt alespo\u0148 jeden se zm\u00ednkou o egyptsk\u00fdch pyramid\u00e1ch ty\u010d\u00edc\u00edch se na n\u00e1horn\u00ed plo\u0161in\u011b v G\u00edze. \u017d\u00e1dn\u00e9 v\u0161ak nejsou. Ani jeden papyrus. Pro\u010d? To st\u00e1le nen\u00ed jasn\u00e9. Mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee po vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00ed t\u00e9to z\u00e1hady se v\u011bdci budou zab\u00fdvat jinou – kone\u010dn\u011b se dozv\u011bd\u00ed, jak se vlastn\u011b egyptsk\u00e9 pyramidy stav\u011bly. Zejm\u00e9na nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed z nich – Cheopsovu pyramidu, takzvanou Velkou pyramidu.<\/p>\n

V roce 2013 m\u011bli archeologov\u00e9 nev\u00fdslovn\u00e9 \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed. V jeskyni, kter\u00e1 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed nedaleko ruin p\u0159\u00edstavu W\u00e1d\u00ed al-D\u017ear\u00e1f u Rud\u00e9ho mo\u0159e – jedn\u00e9 z nejstar\u0161\u00edch na sv\u011bt\u011b, na\u0161li odborn\u00edci z Egypta a Francie n\u011bk\u00fdm ukryt\u00e9 papyry, kter\u00e9 se uk\u00e1zaly b\u00fdt nejstar\u0161\u00edmi, jak\u00e9 kdy byly nalezeny.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. Fragment „p\u0159ed\u00e1kova“ den\u00edku: papyrus s hieroglyfy.<\/em><\/p>\n

Papyry, kter\u00e9 se skl\u00e1daly z mnoha fragment\u016f, jak uk\u00e1zalo n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 rozlu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed, byly den\u00edkem veden\u00fdm jist\u00fdm Maretem. Byl to jak\u00fdsi p\u0159ed\u00e1k, kter\u00fd dohl\u00ed\u017eel na \u010d\u00e1st prac\u00ed na stavb\u011b Cheopsovy pyramidy – pod jeho velen\u00edm pracovalo 40 elitn\u00edch d\u011bln\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

Maret podrobn\u011b popsal pr\u016fb\u011bh prac\u00ed a odhalil p\u0159inejmen\u0161\u00edm jednu ze z\u00e1had stavby.<\/p>\n

Pyramida byla oblo\u017eena v\u00e1penn\u00fdmi bloky, z nich\u017e ka\u017ed\u00fd v\u00e1\u017eil asi 2,5 tuny. Byly vytes\u00e1ny nejsp\u00ed\u0161e na druh\u00e9m b\u0159ehu Nilu v lomech v Turu. \u017dulov\u00e9 bloky, mnohem t\u011b\u017e\u0161\u00ed, byly vyt\u011b\u017eeny je\u0161t\u011b d\u00e1le – asi tis\u00edc kilometr\u016f od g\u00edzsk\u00e9 plo\u0161iny. Jak ale byly dopraveny na staveni\u0161t\u011b?<\/p>\n

„P\u0159ed\u00e1k“ uji\u0161\u0165uje, \u017ee kv\u00e1dry byly dopravov\u00e1ny po vod\u011b na \u010dlunech. V\u00e1penn\u00e9 bloky byly pokl\u00e1d\u00e1ny jeden po druh\u00e9m, p\u0159eprava trvala 2-3 dny. Pro \u017eulov\u00e9 kv\u00e1dry bylo sv\u00e1z\u00e1no n\u011bkolik \u010dlun\u016f dohromady – byl uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n jak\u00fdsi vor.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. Staroegyptsk\u00fd p\u0159ed\u00e1k uji\u0161\u0165uje: bloky pro pyramidy se p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eely na \u010dlunech.<\/em><\/p>\n

A to nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed: podle Mareta se \u010dluny p\u0159ibli\u017eovaly a\u017e k samotn\u00e9mu z\u00e1kladu rozestav\u011bn\u00e9 pyramidy. K tomu \u00fa\u010delu se k n\u00ed hloubily kan\u00e1ly. O \u010dem\u017e se n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed v\u011bdci u\u017e d\u00e1vno sami domn\u00edvali, ale jin\u00ed tomu pevn\u011b nev\u011b\u0159ili.<\/p>\n

A zde ned\u00e1vno slova p\u0159ed\u00e1ka na\u0161la potvrzen\u00ed. Zn\u00e1m\u00fd americk\u00fd archeolog-egyptolog Mark Lehner objevil jeden z podzemn\u00edch kan\u00e1l\u016f, po kter\u00fdch byla do pyramidy p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bna voda.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. Archeolog-egyptolog Mark Lehner objevil jeden z kan\u00e1l\u016f, po kter\u00fdch byla do pyramidy p\u0159iv\u00e1d\u011bna voda.<\/em><\/p>\n

Mimochodem, Maret sv\u00fdm den\u00edkem vyvr\u00e1til v posledn\u00ed dob\u011b pom\u011brn\u011b popul\u00e1rn\u00ed hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee bloky nebyly vysek\u00e1ny n\u011bkde v d\u00e1lce a odlity do bedn\u011bn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo na m\u00edst\u011b polo\u017een\u00ed. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee byly vyrobeny z n\u011bjak\u00e9ho druhu staroegyptsk\u00e9ho betonu. Ne, v hieroglyfech je naps\u00e1no: se\u0159\u00edznuto.<\/p>\n

Bohu\u017eel „p\u0159ed\u00e1k“ neprozradil to hlavn\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed – jak byly \u0159ezan\u00e9 v\u00e1penn\u00e9 a \u017eulov\u00e9 bloky do pyramidy polo\u017eeny? Jak byly vyta\u017eeny do t\u00e9 \u010di on\u00e9 v\u00fd\u0161ky? Mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee odpov\u011bdi najdeme v n\u011bkter\u00fdch dal\u0161\u00edch den\u00edc\u00edch. A ten, kter\u00fd si vedl Maret, se vztahuje k dob\u011b dokon\u010den\u00ed stavby – vlastn\u011b k dokon\u010dovac\u00edm prac\u00edm. A kdo v\u00ed, t\u0159eba „p\u0159ed\u00e1k“ nepova\u017eoval za nutn\u00e9 zab\u00fdvat se zp\u016fsobem zved\u00e1n\u00ed ji\u017e polo\u017een\u00fdch kv\u00e1dr\u016f.<\/p>\n

Egyptsk\u00e1 dlouh\u00e1 stavba<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cheopsova pyramida se stav\u011bla asi 20 let. Nebo dokonce cel\u00fdch 23 let. A byla postavena v letech 2560 a\u017e 2540 p\u0159. n. l., vysok\u00e1 146 metr\u016f (nyn\u00ed 139 – rozpadl\u00e1).<\/p>\n

Cheopsova pyramida je pova\u017eov\u00e1na za div sv\u011bta – jedin\u00fd, kter\u00e1 se dochoval do dne\u0161n\u00ed doby.<\/p>\n

Za architekta Velk\u00e9 pyramidy je pova\u017eov\u00e1n Chemuin, vez\u00edr a Cheops\u016fv synovec, kter\u00fd nesl titul „dozorce v\u0161ech faraonov\u00fdch staveb“.<\/p>\n

Maret uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee na stavbu dohl\u00ed\u017eel vez\u00edr Ankhaf, Cheops\u016fv nevlastn\u00ed bratr, kter\u00fd m\u011bl titul – „vedouc\u00ed v\u0161ech faraonov\u00fdch prac\u00ed“.<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1hada egyptsk\u00e9ho stavitelstv\u00ed nikoho netr\u00e1pila zejm\u00e9na 2 tis\u00edce let. \u0158eck\u00fd historik H\u00e9rodotos, kter\u00fd nav\u0161t\u00edvil Egypt v roce 450 p\u0159. n. l., byl prvn\u00ed, kdo byl ohromen a zmaten. A vypr\u00e1v\u011bl, \u017ee Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 zvedali kv\u00e1dry pomoc\u00ed d\u0159ev\u011bn\u00fdch zved\u00e1k\u016f p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00edch kol\u00e9bky. H\u00e9rodotos odstartoval nejr\u016fzn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy.<\/p>\n

Byly jich stovky. Existuje dokonce domn\u011bnka, \u017ee kv\u00e1dry zvedali pomoc\u00ed drak\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. P\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b tak si H\u00e9rodotos p\u0159edstavoval stroje na zved\u00e1n\u00ed kv\u00e1dr\u016f.<\/em><\/p>\n

Na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 z hypot\u00e9z se modern\u00ed v\u011bdci dosud nezastavili. P\u0159\u00edliv my\u0161lenek pokra\u010duje. I kdy\u017e za nejspolehliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed verzi se pova\u017euje ta o pou\u017eit\u00ed naklon\u011bn\u00fdch rovin – jak\u00fdchsi ramp, po kter\u00fdch se kv\u00e1dry tahaly, pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b pomoc\u00ed kladek a lan.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Obr. Podle nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy byly kv\u00e1dry ta\u017eeny po naklon\u011bn\u00fdch rovin\u00e1ch.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Archeologov\u00e9 objevili den\u00edk jednoho z „p\u0159ed\u00e1k\u016f“, kte\u0159\u00ed stav\u011bli Velkou Cheopsovu pyramidu, a potvrzen\u00ed jeho sv\u011bdectv\u00ed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":187,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,17,19],"tags":[20,41,48],"class_list":["post-2404","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-veda","category-zahady","tag-afrika","tag-archeologie","tag-pyramidy"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2404","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2404"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2404\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2410,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2404\/revisions\/2410"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2404"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2404"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2404"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}