{"id":2126,"date":"2024-01-27T00:16:32","date_gmt":"2024-01-26T23:16:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=2126"},"modified":"2024-03-04T04:33:22","modified_gmt":"2024-03-04T03:33:22","slug":"nove-zahady-maltskych-megalitu-1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/01\/27\/nove-zahady-maltskych-megalitu-1\/","title":{"rendered":"Nov\u00e9 z\u00e1hady maltsk\u00fdch megalit\u016f (1)"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u0161echny megalitick\u00e9 chr\u00e1my na Malt\u011b byly ji\u017e d\u00e1vno objeveny a zkoum\u00e1ny archeology, ale dosud tyto stavby vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed hodn\u011b ot\u00e1zek v\u011bdc\u016f po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/strong>
\nHlavn\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed maltsk\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v jejich p\u016fvodu: tyto budovy byly postaveny d\u00e1vno p\u0159edt\u00edm, ne\u017e pyramidy v Egypt\u011b – v dob\u011b bronzov\u00e9. Jejich st\u00e1\u0159\u00ed je v\u00edc ne\u017e 5000 let.<\/p>\n

Je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee v\u0161echny tyto stavby byly postaveny bez pou\u017eit\u00ed \u017eelezn\u00fdch n\u00e1stroj\u016f. Ka\u017ed\u00fd megalitick\u00fd chr\u00e1mov\u00fd komplex se rozv\u00edjel samostatn\u011b, ale rozm\u011bry zdej\u0161\u00edch pam\u00e1tek jsou tak obrovsk\u00e9, \u017ee m\u00edstn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee byly postaveny obry.<\/p>\n

Nen\u00ed nic zn\u00e1mo o budovatel\u00edch t\u011bchto jedine\u010dn\u00fdch majest\u00e1tn\u00edch staveb – tito lid\u00e9 zmizeli asi tis\u00edc let pot\u00e9, co chr\u00e1my postavili. Dnes, d\u00edky nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu v\u00fdzkumu, v\u011bdci p\u0159edlo\u017eili novou hypot\u00e9zu, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b vn\u00e9st sv\u011btlo na tajemstv\u00ed megalitick\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f.<\/p>\n

P\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm je t\u0159eba \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v\u00fdstavba chr\u00e1m\u016f na Malt\u011b za\u010dala dlouho p\u0159ed zah\u00e1jen\u00edm staveb na kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed Evrop\u011b (nejstar\u0161\u00ed zn\u00e1m\u00fd – Cairn de Barnenez, Finistere, Francie, 4500 p\u0159.n.l.(1)), a tak se maltsk\u00e9 megalitick\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky staly do zna\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00edry prototypy pro stavby v jin\u00fdch regionech.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee kultury prav\u011bk\u00e9ho Malty jsou z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti spojeny se Sic\u00edlii, tak\u017ee archeologov\u00e9 nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee Malta byla kultovn\u00edm centrem neolitick\u00fdch lid\u00ed sicilsk\u00e9ho neolitu – paleolitu. V\u0161echny megalitick\u00e9 chr\u00e1my na Malt\u011b jsou na seznamu sv\u011btov\u00e9ho kulturn\u00edho d\u011bdictv\u00ed UNESCO.<\/p>\n

Za nejstar\u0161\u00ed je pova\u017eov\u00e1n komplex dvou chr\u00e1m\u016f Ggantija na ostrov\u011b Gozo. Oba tyto chr\u00e1my jsou postaveny z blok\u016f kor\u00e1lov\u00e9ho v\u00e1pence. N\u011bkter\u00e9 z blok\u016f v\u00e1\u017e\u00ed kolem pades\u00e1t tun a dosahuj\u00ed d\u00e9lky a\u017e p\u011bti metr\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Chr\u00e1my maj\u00ed p\u011bt apsid (apsida – je polokruhov\u00fd vyzd\u011bn\u00fd prostor), kter\u00e9 jsou propojeny chodbou, kter\u00e1 vede k trifolu (tj. symetrick\u00fd prostor, ohrani\u010den\u00fd t\u0159emi stejn\u00fdmi kruhy, jejich\u017e st\u0159edy jsou um\u00edst\u011bny na vrcholech rovnostrann\u00e9ho troj\u00faheln\u00edku).<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed velk\u00fd maltsk\u00fd chr\u00e1m – Hagar Qim stoj\u00ed na vrcholu kopce. Velk\u00fd z\u00e1jem vyvolala v\u00fdzdoba chr\u00e1mu – st\u011bny budov jsou zdobeny vy\u0159ez\u00e1van\u00fdmi obrazy bo\u017estev a zv\u00ed\u0159at v obsidi\u00e1nu a k\u0159em\u00edku.<\/p>\n

Mezi \u00fatesy na ji\u017en\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed ostrova Malta se nach\u00e1z\u00ed komplex t\u0159\u00ed chr\u00e1m\u016f – Mnajdra, jej\u00ed\u017e pl\u00e1nek p\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 l\u00edstky jetele (i to je trifol). Nejstar\u0161\u00ed je horn\u00ed chr\u00e1m. Je to stavba t\u0159\u00ed apsid z kor\u00e1lov\u00e9ho v\u00e1pence.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd z\u00e1jem v\u011bdc\u016f vyvol\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u0161ak Doln\u00ed chr\u00e1m, kter\u00fd byl postaven podle p\u0159esn\u00fdch astronomick\u00fdch z\u00e1kon\u016f. Architekti ho postavili tak, \u017ee 22. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed a 20. b\u0159ezna slune\u010dn\u00ed paprsky proch\u00e1z\u00ed p\u0159\u00edmo ur\u010ditou lini\u00ed v chr\u00e1mu.<\/p>\n

St\u0159edn\u00ed chr\u00e1m byl postaven mezi ob\u011bma v Tar\u0161\u00ednsk\u00e9m obdob\u00ed (3150 – 2500 p\u0159.n.l.). K nejmlad\u0161\u00edm pat\u0159\u00ed megalitick\u00fd chr\u00e1m Ta’Hadzhrat. Byl postaven na m\u00edst\u011b b\u00fdval\u00e9 osady a m\u00e1 nestandardn\u00ed uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Nejslo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed architektonick\u00fd komplex je chr\u00e1m Tarxien, postaven\u00fd mezi 3600 – 2500 lety p\u0159.n.l.) a skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se ze \u010dty\u0159 megalitick\u00fdch staveb.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V 60. letech v\u011bdci prozkoumali chr\u00e1m Skorba, kter\u00fd byl u\u017e ve \u0161patn\u00e9m stavu.<\/p>\n

Je d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9 si uv\u011bdomit, \u017ee zm\u011bna chr\u00e1mov\u00fdch obdob\u00ed nem\u011bla za n\u00e1sledek zni\u010den\u00ed nebo opu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f. M\u00edstn\u00ed lid\u00e9 je i nad\u00e1le pou\u017e\u00edvali pro poh\u0159by, co\u017e nazna\u010duje zna\u010dnou kontinuitu.<\/p>\n

Mezi nejroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hypot\u00e9zu o p\u0159\u00ed\u010din\u00e1ch \u00fapadku megalitick\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f na Malt\u011b pat\u0159\u00ed: such\u00e9 podneb\u00ed, ob\u010dansk\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, ciz\u00ed vliv, vy\u010derp\u00e1n\u00ed p\u016fdy nebo jin\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edch zdroj\u016f Malty nebo Sic\u00edlie.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdc\u016fm z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 nejasn\u00fd rozkv\u011bt kultury megalitick\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f. Nap\u0159\u00edklad na Malt\u011b neexistuj\u00ed jasn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy, \u017ee by ostrov byl os\u00eddlen b\u011bhem mlad\u0161\u00edho paleolitu (40 000 – 10 000 p\u0159. n. l.) a mezolitu (10 000 \u2013 5500 p\u0159.n.l). Neolit se zde objevuje jakoby odnikud – bez p\u0159edchoz\u00edch f\u00e1z\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e p\u0159edstavuje hlavn\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bchy civilizace t\u00e9 doby – keramiku, zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a chov zv\u00ed\u0159at.<\/p>\n

Rann\u00ed (p\u0159edchr\u00e1mov\u00fd) neolit Malty p\u0159edstavuje jeskyn\u011b Ghar Dalam, ve kter\u00e9 jsou nejstar\u0161\u00ed neolitick\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy datov\u00e1ny do 5400 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p>\n

Teprve ned\u00e1vno se v\u011bdci v\u0161imli ur\u010dit\u00e9 zvl\u00e1\u0161tnosti v uspo\u0159\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed chr\u00e1m\u016f, co\u017e by mohlo vn\u00e9st sv\u011btlo na tajemstv\u00ed starov\u011bk\u00fdch staveb. Archeologov\u00e9 na\u0161li hroby v podob\u011b kromlechu (kameny do kruhu), kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v centru n\u011bkolika megalitick\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f. B\u011bhem v\u00fdzkumu v\u011bdci objevili je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkolik hrob\u016f v bl\u00edzkosti chr\u00e1m\u016f.<\/p>\n

V z\u00e1v\u011bru v\u011bdci byli schopni ud\u011blat \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd objev – v\u0161echny chr\u00e1mov\u00e9 komplexy na ostrov\u011b jsou vybudov\u00e1ny podle stejn\u00e9ho principu, kde i hrob se nach\u00e1z\u00ed v centru chr\u00e1mu a v ur\u010dit\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti kolem.<\/p>\n

Tato domn\u011bnka v\u011bdc\u016fm umo\u017en\u00ed organizovat systematick\u00e9 hled\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00fdch, dosud skryt\u00fdch staveb. Zd\u00e1 se neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u00e9, \u017ee na takov\u00e9m mal\u00e9m souostrov\u00ed, jako je Malta, archeologov\u00e9 st\u00e1le hledaj\u00ed nov\u00e9 megality, i kdy\u017e v pon\u011bkud \u0161patn\u00e9m stavu.<\/p>\n

Skute\u010dnost\u00ed je, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 ze staveb padly na pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed stavby, a n\u011bkter\u00e9 megalitick\u00e9 stavby, podle n\u00e1zoru v\u011bdc\u016f, jsou v zastav\u011bn\u00fdch oblastech, a k jejich objeven\u00ed jsou pot\u0159ebn\u00e9 speci\u00e1ln\u00ed archeologick\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumy.<\/p>\n

Je tak\u00e9 t\u0159eba \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v posledn\u00edch letech v\u011bdci do\u0161li k zaj\u00edmav\u00e9mu z\u00e1v\u011bru.<\/p>\n

Podle odborn\u00edk\u016f, megalitick\u00e9 stavby na Malt\u011b slou\u017eily jako prototypy mytologick\u00fdch Elysejsk\u00fdch pol\u00ed, kde podle star\u00fdch \u0158ek\u016f \u017eij\u00ed po smrti du\u0161e hrdin\u016f, milovan\u00e9 bohy.<\/p>\n

To je \u0158\u00ed\u0161e mrtv\u00fdch, v mnoha ohledech podobn\u00fdch egyptsk\u00e9mu poli Ialu (2), kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1z\u00ed na ostrov\u011b z\u00e1padn\u011b od \u0158ecka.<\/p>\n

V\u011bdci p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee k pronik\u00e1n\u00ed Evropan\u016f na Maltu do\u0161lo po roce 3000 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem.<\/p>\n

Jednotliv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edpady kremace \u010dasto slou\u017e\u00ed jako pom\u011brn\u011b spolehliv\u00fd ukazatel jejich vzniku v Evrop\u011b.<\/p>\n

Zejm\u00e9na urnov\u00e9 kremace v cistech a dolmenech, typick\u00fdch pro dal\u0161\u00ed f\u00e1zi – poh\u0159ebi\u0161t\u011b Tarxien \u2013 ukazuje na pronik\u00e1n\u00ed syntetick\u00e9 kultury Castelluccio na Maltu, obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed jak megalitick\u00e9 (cisty, dolmeny), tak i indoevropsk\u00e9 (kremace) a balk\u00e1n-dunajsk\u00e9 (urny) prvky. Odborn\u00edci prok\u00e1zali, \u017ee v pr\u016fb\u011bhu doby bronzov\u00e9 \u2013 mlad\u0161\u00ed doby \u017eelezn\u00e9 Malta za\u017eila n\u011bkolik vln migrace, co\u017e vedlo ke ztr\u00e1t\u011b kontinuity s megalitick\u00fdmi n\u00e1rody.<\/p>\n

Je docela pravd\u011bpodobn\u00e9, \u017ee t\u011bmito migracemi bylo zasa\u017eeno cel\u00e9 St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed, a zejm\u00e9na Egypt.<\/p>\n

Sv\u011bdkem proniknut\u00ed kr\u00e9tsk\u00e9 populace na Maltu m\u016f\u017ee slou\u017eit tak\u00e9 uchovan\u00e9 antick\u00e9 zdroje o boj\u00edch Minosu na z\u00e1pad\u011b.<\/p>\n

Tak dnes, d\u00edky pr\u00e1ci archeolog\u016f, se mohou v\u011bdci postupn\u011b p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eit k odpov\u011bdi na ot\u00e1zku, jak, k\u00fdm a za jak\u00fdm \u00fa\u010delem byly postaveny tajemn\u00e9 megalitick\u00e9 stavby Malty.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cairn_de_Barnenez<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aaru<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u0161echny megalitick\u00e9 chr\u00e1my na Malt\u011b byly ji\u017e d\u00e1vno objeveny a zkoum\u00e1ny archeology, ale dosud tyto stavby vyvol\u00e1vaj\u00ed hodn\u011b ot\u00e1zek v\u011bdc\u016f<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":415,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[41,24,83],"class_list":["post-2126","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-archeologie","tag-evropa","tag-megality"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2126","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2126"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2126\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2130,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2126\/revisions\/2130"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/415"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2126"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2126"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2126"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}