{"id":1947,"date":"2024-01-06T00:14:25","date_gmt":"2024-01-05T23:14:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=1947"},"modified":"2024-02-08T22:24:58","modified_gmt":"2024-02-08T21:24:58","slug":"nove-reseni-stredoveke-hadanky","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/01\/06\/nove-reseni-stredoveke-hadanky\/","title":{"rendered":"Nov\u00e9 \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 h\u00e1danky"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Je autorem tajemn\u00e9ho &#8222;<em>Voynichova rukopisu<\/em>&#8220; <em>Leonardo da Vinci<\/em>?<\/strong><!--more--><br \/>\nTuto senza\u010dn\u00ed verzi p\u0159edlo\u017eil francouzsk\u00fd spisovatel Thierry Maugenest, kter\u00fd p\u0159i psan\u00ed sv\u00e9ho rom\u00e1nu, &#8222;Manuscript MS 408&#8220; (1) (\u010desky \u201eZ\u00e1hadn\u00fd rukopis\u201c (2) pe\u010dliv\u011b prostudoval starov\u011bk\u00fd foliant.<\/p>\n<p>Co obsahuje tento z\u00e1hadn\u00fd rukopis?<\/p>\n<p>Podle r\u016fzn\u00fdch verz\u00ed je v n\u011bm skryt:<\/p>\n<p>a) recept na elix\u00edr nesmrtelnosti, a<\/p>\n<p>b) zp\u016fsob tvorby kamene mudrc\u016f, a<\/p>\n<p>c) mechanismus jeho vzniku.<\/p>\n<p>Kniha m\u00e1 velikost 22,5 x 16 cm a skl\u00e1d\u00e1 se z 262 pergamenov\u00fdch list\u016f, 14 z nich jsou nyn\u00ed ztraceny.<\/p>\n<p>Je naps\u00e1no brkem s inkoustem o p\u011bti barv\u00e1ch, ale nesrozumiteln\u00fdmi klikyh\u00e1ky.<\/p>\n<p>212 stran obsahuje obr\u00e1zky, d\u00edky kter\u00fdm m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt text rozd\u011blen do p\u011bti sekc\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Nejp\u016fsobiv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed botanick\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st &#8211; obsahuje v\u00edce ne\u017e sto obraz\u016f r\u016fzn\u00fdch rostlin a bylin. V\u011bt\u0161ina z nich je v\u011bd\u011b nezn\u00e1m\u00e1 nebo fantastick\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p>V druh\u00e9m &#8211; astronomick\u00e9m \u2013 je asi 20 kruhov\u00fdch diagram\u016f, zachycuj\u00edc\u00ed Slunce, M\u011bs\u00edc a r\u016fzn\u00fdch souhv\u011bzd\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Mnoho nah\u00fdch \u017eensk\u00fdch postav &#8211; &#8222;nymf&#8220; zdob\u00ed biologickou sekci.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 z nich jsou pono\u0159eny do jak\u00e9si &#8222;l\u00e1zn\u011b&#8220; se zelenou kapalinou, jin\u00e9 jsou p\u0159ipojeny na jak\u00e9si trubky.<\/p>\n<p>Astrologick\u00e9 sekce je pln\u00e1 kreseb magick\u00fdch medail\u00f3n\u016f, znamen\u00ed zv\u011brokruhu a hv\u011bzd.<\/p>\n<p>A jak\u00e9si l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e1 tajemstv\u00ed jsou v l\u00e9\u010debn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti rukopisu.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>H\u00e1danka trv\u00e1 stalet\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>P\u016fvod rukopisu je opravdu nezn\u00e1m\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Poprv\u00e9 vystoupil do pop\u0159ed\u00ed na konci XVI. stolet\u00ed. V t\u00e9 dob\u011b byl v rukou \u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159e Rudolfa II.<\/p>\n<p>Koupil ho v Praze od nezn\u00e1m\u00e9ho obchodn\u00edka pro 600 duk\u00e1t\u016f (asi 3,5 kg zlata, dnes, v\u00edce ne\u017e 50 tis\u00edc dolar\u016f).<\/p>\n<p>Od Rudolfa II. se kniha dostala k r\u016fzn\u00fdm \u0161lechtic\u016fm a u\u010denc\u016fm, a\u017e se na konci 17.stolet\u00ed ztratila.<\/p>\n<p>Rukopis se znovu objevil v roce 1912, kdy jej koupil americk\u00fd knihkupec Wilfrid Voynich.<\/p>\n<p>Po jeho smrti byla kniha darov\u00e1na University v Yale, kde je ulo\u017eena pod \u010d\u00edslem MS 408.<\/p>\n<p>V budoucnu se bude slavit sto rok\u016f, proto\u017ee rukopis zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed amat\u00e9ry kryptografie, a 50 let &#8211; proto\u017ee se pro v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 u\u010dence.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159e\u010dten\u00ed textu, bez ohledu na v\u00fdkon modern\u00edch superpo\u010d\u00edta\u010d\u016f a mo\u017enost\u00ed de\u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed, st\u00e1le neexistuje.<\/p>\n<p>Cel\u00fd \u017eivot studoval rukopis &#8222;otec americk\u00e9 kryptologie&#8220;, \u0159editel americk\u00e9 zpravodajsk\u00e9 slu\u017eby sign\u00e1lu William Friedman. Marn\u011b!<\/p>\n<p>Dnes se nazna\u010duje, \u017ee nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fd dokud se nenajde kl\u00ed\u010d k \u0161if\u0159e, nebo jde o prvn\u00ed pokus vytvo\u0159it um\u011bl\u00fd jazyk, jako je esperanto, nebo o sm\u011bs zn\u00e1m\u00fdch jazyk\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159es v\u0161echny neobvyklosti, dokument obsahuje n\u011bkter\u00e9 statistick\u00e9 vlastnosti, kter\u00e9 jsou charakteristick\u00e9 pro skute\u010dn\u00e9 jazyky.<\/p>\n<p>Proto lze jen st\u011b\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ipsat rukopis p\u016fsoben\u00ed \u0161\u00edlence nebo pad\u011blateli.<\/p>\n<p>Ale kdo ho vytvo\u0159il?<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pergamen &#8222;promluvil&#8220;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V roce 2009 v\u011bdci z University v Arizon\u011b (USA) vy\u0159ezali z r\u016fzn\u00fdch stran rukopisu \u010dty\u0159i mal\u00e9 kousky.<\/p>\n<p>Z pergamenu, vytvo\u0159en\u00e9ho z vyd\u011blan\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159ec\u00ed k\u016f\u017ee, lze zjistit v\u011bk knihy pomoc\u00ed radiokarbonov\u00e9 metody.<br \/>\nOdborn\u00edci p\u0159edstavili senza\u010dn\u00ed v\u00fdsledky.<\/p>\n<p>Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee pergamen poch\u00e1z\u00ed z po\u010d\u00e1tku XV. stolet\u00ed, to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee kniha byla vytvo\u0159ena o cel\u00e9 stolet\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve, ne\u017e se d\u0159\u00edve p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dalo: p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b mezi lety 1404 a 1438.<\/p>\n<p>\u201eTo v\u0161ak plat\u00ed pouze pro datov\u00e1n\u00ed pergamenu,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 vedouc\u00ed v\u00fdzkumn\u00e9ho t\u00fdmu profesor fyziky Greg Hodgins. (3)<\/p>\n<p>Kniha m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt naps\u00e1na pozd\u011bji. Bohu\u017eel, radiokarbonov\u00e9 datov\u00e1n\u00ed inkoustu nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9.<br \/>\nJist\u00e9 je pouze to, \u017ee barva inkoustu odpov\u00edd\u00e1 po\u010d\u00e1tku renesance.<\/p>\n<p>Nov\u00e9 datov\u00e1n\u00ed tajemn\u00e9ho dokumentu podn\u011bcuje badatele k ohromuj\u00edc\u00edm nov\u00fdm hypot\u00e9z\u00e1m.<\/p>\n<p><strong>N\u00e1lez na str\u00e1nce 70\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>V\u011bdci p\u0159ipsali autorstv\u00ed knihy n\u011bkolika slavn\u00fdm lidem.<\/p>\n<p>Mezi nimi<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>&#8211; filozofu Rogeru Bacon, kter\u00fd \u017eil ve XIII. stolet\u00ed<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>&#8211; anglick\u00e9mu matematikovi Johnu Dee<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>&#8211; anglick\u00e9mu alchymistovi Edwardu Kelley<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>&#8211; anglick\u00e9mu sb\u011brateli Anthony Esk<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>&#8211; osobn\u00edmu l\u00e9ka\u0159i a specialistovi na bylinn\u00e9 l\u00e9ky Jakubu Hor\u010dick\u00e9mu<\/em><\/li>\n<li><em>&#8211; kryptografovi Raphaelovi Mni\u0161ovsk\u00e9mu, kter\u00fd \u017eil v XVI. &#8211; XVII stolet\u00ed.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Nyn\u00ed je mo\u017en\u00e9 autorstv\u00ed z\u00fa\u017eit &#8211; datum vzniku rukopisu neodpov\u00edd\u00e1 dob\u011b jejich \u017eivota.<\/p>\n<p>Zato zde vznik\u00e1 souvislost mezi rukopisem a \u2026 renesan\u010dn\u00edm g\u00e9niem Leonardo da Vinci.<\/p>\n<p>Takovou ne\u010dekanou verzi navrhuje francouzsk\u00fd spisovatel Thierry Mogenet:<\/p>\n<p>\u201eKdy\u017e jsem studoval &#8222;Voynich\u016fv rukopis&#8220;, zjistil jsem, \u017ee podpis na jednom z obr\u00e1zk\u016f rukopisu je ne\u010diteln\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Bylo to slovo &#8222;Leonardo&#8220;, psan\u00e9 zprava doleva.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159ipome\u0148me si, \u017ee da Vinci se \u010dasto uchyloval k technice zv. Zrcadlov\u00e9ho psan\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Podpis je jasn\u011b viditeln\u00fd na 70. str\u00e1nce rukopisu.<\/p>\n<p>Proto jsem j\u00e1 a moji kolegov\u00e9 vytvo\u0159ili teorii, \u017ee autorem rukopisu m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt Leonardo da Vinci, je\u0161t\u011b za sv\u00e9ho ml\u00e1d\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee pergameny vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 nap\u0159\u00edklad v roce 1438, Leonardo (narozen roku 1452) byl schopen pou\u017e\u00edvat za 34 let, kdy\u017e mu bylo dvacet let.<\/p>\n<p>Nav\u00edc v\u00fdhodou tohoto verze je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee n\u011bkter\u00e9 z kreseb rukopisu s paraleln\u00edm \u0161rafov\u00e1n\u00edm jsou charakteristick\u00fdm znakem Leonardov\u00fdch kreseb.<\/p>\n<p>A tak\u00e9 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka v\u011bdeck\u00fdch poznatk\u016f &#8211; od biologie k astronomii \u2013 to tak\u00e9 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 t\u00e9to osob\u011b s vynikaj\u00edc\u00edm intelektem.<\/p>\n<p>Kdy\u017e se zeptali Maugeneta, jestli je s\u00e1m schopen naj\u00edt kl\u00ed\u010d k tajemstv\u00ed rukopisu, odpov\u011bd\u011bl:<\/p>\n<p>\u201eJsem si jist\u00fd, \u017ee je to mo\u017en\u00e9. Ale nem\u016f\u017eu \u0159\u00edct p\u0159esn\u011b, kdy se tak stane &#8211; z\u00edtra, \u010di za 100 let&#8230;\u201c<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fakta<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee v rukopisu je asi 250.000 slov, z nich\u017e asi 40.000 \u2013 je r\u016fzn\u00fdch.<\/li>\n<li>&#8222;P\u00edsmen&#8220; je tam 23 nebo 30, nen\u00ed tam \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 \u010d\u00edslice.<\/li>\n<li>Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee dokument je naps\u00e1n zleva doprava.<\/li>\n<li>Ve slovech je pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b \u0161est p\u00edsmen.<\/li>\n<li>To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pr\u016fm\u011brn\u011b jde o krat\u0161\u00ed slova ne\u017e v angli\u010dtin\u011b, latin\u011b a ve v\u011bt\u0161in\u011b indoevropsk\u00fdch jazyc\u00edch.<\/li>\n<li>Slova se \u010dasto opakuj\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li>Je mo\u017en\u00e9 se setkat a\u017e se \u010dty\u0159n\u00e1sobn\u00fdm opakov\u00e1n\u00edm se jednoho slova.<\/li>\n<li>Existuj\u00ed \u0159et\u011bzce slov, kter\u00e1 se li\u0161\u00ed pouze jedn\u00edm symbolem.<\/li>\n<li>Nav\u00edc, v textu spl\u00fdvaj\u00ed mnoh\u00e1 p\u00edsmena.<\/li>\n<li>A p\u00edsmena ve tvaru \u0161ibenice mohou jednodu\u0161e uv\u00e1d\u011bt nov\u00e9 odstavce.<\/li>\n<li>Je tak\u00e9 mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee ka\u017ed\u00e9 slovo je pouze jedno p\u00edsmeno.<\/li>\n<li>Ale mezery \u2013 to je stanoveno \u2013 skute\u010dn\u011b rozd\u011bluj\u00ed slova a nejsou vlo\u017eena n\u00e1hodn\u011b.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Hypot\u00e9za T. Maugeneta m\u00e1 n\u011bkolik trhlin.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Ve st\u0159edov\u011bku byl pergamen velmi drah\u00fd a nedostatkov\u00fd.<\/p>\n<p>Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u011bco napsat, pou\u017eil se star\u00fd pergamen a smyl se z n\u011bj p\u016fvodn\u00ed text.<\/p>\n<p>Laboratorn\u00ed testy VM prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee text i obr\u00e1zky byly naps\u00e1ny na \u010derstv\u00fd pergamen t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po jeho v\u00fdrob\u011b. Proto je tak\u00e9 sporn\u00e9 autorstv\u00ed Leonarda.<\/p>\n<p>Vylu\u0161tit tuto \u0161ifru nen\u00ed snadn\u00e9, proto\u017ee nezn\u00e1me ani jazyk, ve kter\u00e9m byla kniha seps\u00e1na, ani to, jak\u00e1 \u0161ifrovac\u00ed metoda byla pou\u017eita.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1950 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/zaz_nove_reseni_stredoveke_hadanky1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/zaz_nove_reseni_stredoveke_hadanky1.jpg 450w, https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/zaz_nove_reseni_stredoveke_hadanky1-300x267.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Obr.1 70. strana rukopisu. Ve st\u0159edu &#8211; jm\u00e9no Leonardo, psan\u00e9 zprava doleva.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1951 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/zaz_nove_reseni_stredoveke_hadanky2.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"250\" height=\"121\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Obr.2 Takto vypad\u00e1 zrcadlov\u011b jm\u00e9no Leonarda.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><em>Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><em>(1) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/Manuscrit-408-Voynich-Thierry-Maugenest\/dp\/2867464625\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.amazon.fr\/Manuscrit-408-Voynich-Thierry-Maugenest\/dp\/2867464625<\/a> <\/em><br \/>\n<em>(2) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.databazeknih.cz\/knihy\/zahadny-rukopis-84951\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.databazeknih.cz\/knihy\/zahadny-rukopis-84951<\/a><\/em><br \/>\n<em>(3) <a href=\"http:\/\/www.physics.arizona.edu\/ams\/staff\/hodgins.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">http:\/\/www.physics.arizona.edu\/ams\/staff\/hodgins.htm<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Je autorem tajemn\u00e9ho &#8222;Voynichova rukopisu&#8220; Leonardo da Vinci?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":318,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[41,28,51],"class_list":["post-1947","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-archeologie","tag-knihy","tag-rukopis"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1947","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1947"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1947\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1952,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1947\/revisions\/1952"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/318"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1947"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1947"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1947"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}