{"id":1815,"date":"2023-12-23T00:58:20","date_gmt":"2023-12-22T23:58:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=1815"},"modified":"2024-01-13T22:32:57","modified_gmt":"2024-01-13T21:32:57","slug":"civilizace-prisla-ze-sahary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2023\/12\/23\/civilizace-prisla-ze-sahary\/","title":{"rendered":"Civilizace p\u0159i\u0161la ze Sahary?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sahara, dnes pou\u0161\u0165 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u011b bez \u017eivota, vypadala p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika tis\u00edci lety \u00fapln\u011b jinak.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Existovala tam jedna z prvn\u00edch civilizac\u00ed. V posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch p\u0159inesli v\u011bdci p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 \u00fadaje o jejich osudu.<\/p>\n

Sahara nyn\u00ed zab\u00edr\u00e1 asi jednu \u010dtvrtinu africk\u00e9ho kontinentu. Zab\u00edr\u00e1 ji\u017en\u00ed oblasti Maroka, Tuniska, v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Al\u017e\u00edrska, Mauret\u00e1nie, Libye, Egypta a severn\u00ed oblasti Mali, Nigeru, \u010cadu a S\u00fad\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n

V sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b v Ennedi v saharsk\u00e9 pou\u0161ti z\u016fstaly jen soustavy jezer Unianga (Ounianga), kter\u00e1 se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 z 18 propojen\u00fdch jezer o celkov\u00e9 rozloze 62 808 hektar\u016f. Je to nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed jezern\u00ed syst\u00e9m v extr\u00e9mn\u00edch pou\u0161tn\u00edch podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Jezern\u00ed syst\u00e9m na Saha\u0159e se skl\u00e1d\u00e1 ze sladkovodn\u00edch, soln\u00edch a nejslan\u011bj\u0161\u00edch jezer, nap\u00e1jen\u00fdch podzemn\u00edmi prameny. To je jej\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed. V k\u0159i\u0161\u0165\u00e1lov\u011b \u010dist\u00e9 vod\u011b plavou ryby a na b\u0159ez\u00edch roste r\u00e1kos\u00ed. P\u00edt sem chod\u00ed pouze \u017eirafy a gazely, krokod\u00fdli a hro\u0161i. A v\u0161ude okolo, kam a\u017e oko dohl\u00e9dne, jen hork\u00fd p\u00edsek.<\/p>\n

Nemilosrdn\u00e9 slunce ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u011b odpa\u0159\u00ed vodu a\u017e do hloubky \u0161esti metr\u016f, a za rok zde spadne pouze 5 mm vody.<\/p>\n

Tak to ov\u0161em v\u017edy nebylo, tvrd\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fd v\u011bdec, geolog z Kol\u00edna nad R\u00fdnem Stefan Kr\u00f6pelin.<\/p>\n

Tam, kde je nyn\u00ed jezero Unianga, byly asi p\u0159ed 10.000 roky vlhk\u00e9 tropick\u00e9 lesy bohat\u00e9 na jedl\u00e9 rostliny.<\/p>\n

Zjistil to d\u00edky n\u00e1lezu sladkovodn\u00edch ulit ve v\u00e1penci, poz\u016fstatky ryb a stopy rostlin, ale tak\u00e9 zachovan\u00fdch paleolitick\u00fdch jeskynn\u00edch maleb.<\/p>\n

Na kresb\u00e1ch jsou schematick\u00e1 zn\u00e1zorn\u011bn\u00ed kulat\u00fdch postav, velmi vzd\u00e1len\u011b podobn\u00fdch lidem. Sp\u00ed\u0161e vypadaj\u00ed jako mimozem\u0161\u0165an\u00e9 ve skafandrech. Mo\u017en\u00e1 tato lokalita mimozem\u0161\u0165an\u016fm p\u0159ipom\u00ednala povrch Marsu?<\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, na st\u011bn\u00e1ch jeskyn\u00ed si m\u016f\u017eete prohl\u00e9dnout obr\u00e1zky z doby bronzov\u00e9 – jezdce na kon\u00edch a hlin\u011bn\u00e9 hrnce, kter\u00e9 se podle na\u0161eho n\u00e1zoru neshoduj\u00ed s p\u0159edstavou vysp\u011bl\u00e9 civilizace.<\/p>\n

Ale zat\u00edm nebyl \u010das na kone\u010dn\u00e9 z\u00e1v\u011bry. V\u011bdeck\u00fd v\u00fdzkum v oblasti teprve za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1.<\/p>\n

T\u00fdm v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f veden\u00fd Stefanem Kr\u00f6pelinem na z\u00e1klad\u011b geologick\u00fdch, archeozoologick\u00fdch a archeobotanick\u00fdch dat identifikoval \u010dty\u0159i obdob\u00ed v historii Sahary za posledn\u00ed tis\u00edcilet\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee, v dob\u011b v\u0161eobecn\u00e9ho ochlazen\u00ed klimatu na Zemi a pravideln\u00fdch v\u00fdskyt\u016f rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9ho kontinent\u00e1ln\u00edho zaledn\u011bn\u00ed v pozdn\u00edm pleistoc\u00e9nu (20 000 \u2013 8500 p\u0159.n.l.), v saharsk\u00e9 pou\u0161ti neexistovala \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9 lidsk\u00e1 obydl\u00ed, s v\u00fdjimkou \u00fadol\u00ed Nilu, kter\u00e9 se rozprost\u00edr\u00e1 400 km ji\u017en\u011b od sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stavu.<\/p>\n

Kolem 8500 p\u0159.n.l. Saharu n\u00e1hle postihly t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 monzuny a velmi suchou pou\u0161tn\u00ed oblast tyto klimatick\u00e9 zm\u011bny prom\u011bnily ve vlhkou savanu. Za\u010dali se sem proto stahovat prvobytn\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 z \u00fadol\u00ed Nilu, masov\u011b migruj\u00edc\u00ed na z\u00e1pad, kde byla hojnost rostlin a \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f.<\/p>\n

Na po\u010d\u00e1tku holoc\u00e9nu, ji\u017en\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st Sahary a \u00fadol\u00ed Nilu byly p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pro rozvoj t\u011bchto \u00fazem\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bkem, kv\u016fli p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 de\u0161tiv\u00e9mu klimatu.<\/p>\n

Asi kolem 7000 p\u0159.n.l. se lidsk\u00e9 osady za\u010daly \u0161\u00ed\u0159it po cel\u00e9 v\u00fdchodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti Sahary, co\u017e podpo\u0159ilo rychl\u00fd po\u010detn\u00ed r\u016fst hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch zv\u00ed\u0159at.<\/p>\n

Monzunov\u00e9 de\u0161t\u011b ustaly kolem 5300 p\u0159ed na\u0161\u00edm letopo\u010dtem, a znovu se vr\u00e1tilo sucho.<\/p>\n

Vzhledem k ekologick\u00e9 katastrof\u011b byli lid\u00e9 nuceni se vr\u00e1tit do \u00fadol\u00ed Nilu a usadit se v jin\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1stech s\u00fad\u00e1nsk\u00e9 Sahary, kde je je\u0161t\u011b dostatek vody a sr\u00e1\u017eek.<\/p>\n

Kone\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1vrat pou\u0161t\u011b nastal asi 3500 p\u0159.n.l, zhruba stejn\u011b jako narozen\u00ed \u00e9ry prvn\u00edch faraon\u016f starov\u011bk\u00fdch kultur Egypta.<\/p>\n

Mezi v\u011bdci se dlouho diskutuje o tom, jak rychle klima m\u011bnilo Saharu.<\/p>\n

N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed badatel\u00e9 maj\u00ed tendenci se domn\u00edvat, \u017ee se klima v t\u00e9to oblasti m\u011bnilo dramaticky \u2013 vegetac\u00ed pokryt\u00e9 kopce a \u00fadol\u00ed se v okam\u017eiku prom\u011bnily na p\u00edse\u010dn\u00e9 duny b\u011bhem jednoho stolet\u00ed. N\u011bme\u010dt\u00ed v\u011bdci ale dok\u00e1zali, \u017ee to trvalo tak p\u011bt stolet\u00ed, ne-li d\u00e9le.<\/p>\n

Jejich hypot\u00e9za je zalo\u017eena na anal\u00fdze hlubok\u00fdch vrt\u016f do star\u00fdch jezer v \u010cadu.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1klad\u011b t\u011bchto \u00fadaj\u016f je z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee vegetace na Saha\u0159e pomalu um\u00edrala bez n\u00e1hl\u00e9 zm\u011bny klimatu.<\/p>\n

Domorodci na Saha\u0159e m\u011bli dostatek \u010dasu p\u0159ej\u00edt k b\u0159eh\u016fm \u0159eky Nilu, kde vznikla velk\u00e1 civilizace starov\u011bk\u00e9ho Egypta.<\/p>\n

V souvislosti s novou verz\u00ed v\u00fdvoje Sahary vyvst\u00e1vaj\u00ed do pop\u0159ed\u00ed nov\u00e9 ot\u00e1zky o vlivu d\u00e1vn\u00fdch obyvatel Sahary na dal\u0161\u00ed velk\u00e9 kultury. Ty na rozd\u00edl od sv\u00fdch p\u0159edch\u016fdc\u016f p\u0159edaly jako d\u011bdictv\u00ed budouc\u00edm generac\u00edm p\u00edsemn\u00e9 prameny.<\/p>\n

Podle:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

http:\/\/www.sfb806.uni-koeln.de\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=334:dr-stefan-kroepelin-news&catid=29:a2<\/em><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sahara, dnes pou\u0161\u0165 t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u00fapln\u011b bez \u017eivota, vypadala p\u0159ed n\u011bkolika tis\u00edci lety \u00fapln\u011b jinak.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":187,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[20,41],"class_list":["post-1815","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-afrika","tag-archeologie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1815","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1815"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1815\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1816,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1815\/revisions\/1816"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/187"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1815"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1815"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1815"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}