{"id":1582,"date":"2024-01-05T00:04:25","date_gmt":"2024-01-04T23:04:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=1582"},"modified":"2023-11-05T20:09:46","modified_gmt":"2023-11-05T19:09:46","slug":"proc-zeny-predaly-moc-muzum","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2024\/01\/05\/proc-zeny-predaly-moc-muzum\/","title":{"rendered":"Pro\u010d \u017eeny p\u0159edaly moc mu\u017e\u016fm"},"content":{"rendered":"

Miliony let pohlav\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nyn\u00ed pova\u017eujeme za slab\u00e9, bylo pr\u00e1v\u011b tou silnou polovinou lidstva.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Alespo\u0148 psychologicky. V\u011bdci na\u0161li dva zdroje jejich nev\u0161edn\u00ed s\u00edly.<\/p>\n

Cesta k p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b rol\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pod\u0159\u00edzenost \u017een ve starov\u011bk\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b je jen m\u00fdtus, vyp\u011bstovan\u00fd filmy a opakovan\u011b p\u011bstovan\u00fd i v u\u010debnic\u00edch.<\/p>\n

K tomu do\u0161li v\u00fdzkumn\u00edci Oxfordsk\u00e9 univerzity (1), a publikovali sv\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky v \u010dasopise Nature. (2)<\/p>\n

\u201e\u017deny dominovaly v prav\u011bku: odpov\u011bdn\u011b rozhodovaly o sv\u00e9m plemeni a byly vojev\u016fdkyn\u011bmi v bitv\u00e1ch,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 profesorka Julia Lee-Thorp. (3)<\/p>\n

Ale kde se to \u017eeny nau\u010dily?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee \u0159\u00edd\u00edc\u00ed zku\u0161enosti z\u00edskaly b\u011bhem dlouh\u00fdch cest. A pak i na nov\u00fdch m\u00edstech musely um\u011bt nejen v\u00e9st, ale i se zbran\u00ed v ruce prok\u00e1zat sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo vl\u00e1dnout. Nap\u0159\u00edklad, uklidnit vzpurn\u00e9 domorodce. A na\u0161i praprap\u0159edci ze sv\u00fdch domov\u016f odch\u00e1zeli neochotn\u011b.
\nVylezli z jeskyn\u011b pouze tehdy, kdy\u017e siln\u011b hladov\u011bli. Jinak spali, le\u017eeli, a podobn\u011b jako dnes p\u0159i sledov\u00e1n\u00ed televizoru – z\u00edrali do ohn\u011b.<\/p>\n

\u201eAnalyzovali jsme zkamen\u011bl\u00e9 poz\u016fstatky kolem komplexu jeskyn\u00ed pobl\u00ed\u017e Johannesburgu (Jihoafrick\u00e1 republika), a zjistili jsme, \u017ee 90 procent mu\u017e\u016f \u017eilo v t\u00e9to oblasti cel\u00fd \u017eivot, a t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 polovina \u017een p\u0159i\u0161la z daleka,\u201c vysv\u011btlila profesorka Sandi Copeland (4) z Lipsk\u00e9ho Institutu pro evolu\u010dn\u00ed antropologii Maxe Plancka. (5)<\/p>\n

Z\u00e1v\u011bry o p\u0159esunech v\u011bdci z\u00edskali na z\u00e1klad\u011b zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed zub\u016f z\u00e1stupc\u016f druhu Australopithecus africanus a Paranthropus robustus, z nich\u017e jeden m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt p\u0159\u00edm\u00fd p\u0159edek \u010dlov\u011bka. V\u011bk fos\u00edli\u00ed je 1,8 a\u017e 2,2 milionu let. M\u00edsto narozen\u00ed osob se ur\u010dilo podle obsahu stroncia v jejich zubn\u00edch tk\u00e1n\u00edch, a pohlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161nost se ur\u010dila podle velikosti stoli\u010dek.<\/p>\n

Ale pro\u010d \u017eeny nesed\u011bly a nele\u017eely v obydlen\u00fdch jeskyn\u00edch?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201eSamci rad\u011bji z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed na sv\u00e9m m\u00edst\u011b,\u201c vysv\u011btlila Dr. Copeland. \u201eAle \u017eeny hledaj\u00ed rozmanitost. A pak, po n\u011bkolika mili\u00f3nech let, nastala hodina H, a role se zm\u011bnily.\u201c<\/p>\n

Podle v\u011bdc\u016f z Oxfordu, po 1,7 mili\u00f3nech let se ve v\u00fdvoji obou pohlav\u00ed n\u011bco zm\u011bnilo – \u017eeny p\u0159estaly dominovat. Usadily se a za\u010daly slou\u017eit mu\u017e\u016fm. A p\u0159i\u0161el patriarch\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Hladomory v minulosti zanechaly sv\u00e9 stopy na lidsk\u00e9m metabolismu. Je skute\u010dnost\u00ed, \u017ee n\u00e1\u0161 organismus si vyr\u00e1b\u00ed z\u00e1soby. V norm\u00e1ln\u00ed strav\u011b mu\u017esk\u00fd organismus ukl\u00e1d\u00e1 v\u011bt\u0161inou b\u00edlkoviny, \u017eensk\u00fd – tuky. Ale mozek reaguje na huben\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edd\u011bly u r\u016fzn\u00fdch pohlav\u00ed odli\u0161n\u011b.<\/p>\n

Dr. Robert S.B. Clarke (6) z Medical Center University v Pittsburgh (UPMC) (7) studoval krysy, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed strukturu mozku nejbl\u00ed\u017ee lidsk\u00e9mu. Modeloval na jejich neuronech, nervov\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch mozku, jen 72 hodinov\u00e9 hladov\u011bn\u00ed. A zjistil, \u017ee sam\u010d\u00ed mozek je mnohem v\u00edce posti\u017een hladem.<\/p>\n

\u201eSami\u010d\u00ed neurony vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed z\u00e1soby mastn\u00fdch kyselin a p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Clarke. \u201eSam\u010d\u00ed neurony ale um\u00edraj\u00ed.\u201c<\/p>\n

U\u017e po 24 hodin\u00e1ch se v sam\u010d\u00edch mozc\u00edch katastrof\u00e1ln\u011b \u2013 o 70 procent – sni\u017euje schopnost k bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9mu d\u00fdch\u00e1n\u00ed. Doch\u00e1z\u00ed u nich k intenzivn\u00ed tzv. autofagii \u2013 rozkladu protein\u016f. Sam\u010d\u00ed neurony poj\u00eddaj\u00ed samy sebe. A jejich majitel\u00e9 siln\u011b hloupnou. Opa\u010dn\u00e9 pohlav\u00ed v\u0161ak z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 zdrav\u00e9 mysli i pam\u011bti.<\/p>\n

A tady snad le\u017e\u00ed tajemstv\u00ed tak dlouh\u00e9 existence matriarch\u00e1tu na Zemi. V\u017edy\u0165 na\u0161i p\u0159edkov\u00e9 hladov\u011bli docela \u010dasto.<\/p>\n

A b\u011bhem t\u011bchto t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch \u010das\u016f mu\u017ei \u2013 otupen\u00ed bez po\u0159\u00e1dn\u00e9 stravy \u2013 nemohli nic d\u011blat, a tak byli pod pantoflem. Kde\u017eto \u017eeny l\u00e9pe vydr\u017eely \u00fatrapy chud\u00e9 stravy. A tak vnesly do \u017eivota nov\u00fd n\u00e1pad: hled\u00e1n\u00ed jedl\u00fdch bylin, plod\u016f, na podporu oslaben\u00fdch samc\u016f.<\/p>\n

\u201eZ\u00e1t\u011b\u017e rozhodov\u00e1n\u00ed le\u017eela na \u017een\u00e1ch,\u201c \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Dr. Clark. \u201eByly to ony, kter\u00e9 byly n\u00e1hle chyt\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e mu\u017ei, a musely zajistit p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed kmene. Je mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee pr\u00e1v\u011b v huben\u00fdch letech vznikl matriarch\u00e1t. A skon\u010dil tehdy, kdy\u017e potravin bylo v\u00edce, d\u00edky rozvoji zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a chovu zv\u00ed\u0159at.\u201c<\/p>\n

Rada mu\u017e\u016fm od t\u00e9 doby zn\u00ed \u2013 nechcete-li se vr\u00e1tit do matriarch\u00e1tu, m\u011bli byste sebe i sv\u00e9 \u017eeny dob\u0159e \u017eivit a nijak daleko je od sebe nepou\u0161t\u011bt.<\/p>\n

Odkazy<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) http:\/\/www.ox.ac.uk\/<\/a> <\/em>
\n(2) Copeland, S.R., Sponheimer, M., de Ruiter, D.J., Lee-Thorp, J.A., Codron, D., le Roux, P.J., Grimes, V., Richards, M.P. Strontium isotope evidence for landscape use by early hominins. Nature 474, 76-78. <\/em>
\n(3) http:\/\/www.arch.ox.ac.uk\/JLT.html<\/a> <\/em>
\n(4) http:\/\/www.eva.mpg.de\/evolution\/staff\/copeland\/index.htm<\/a> <\/em>
\n(5) http:\/\/www.eva.mpg.de\/<\/a> <\/em>
\n(6) http:\/\/www.ccm.pitt.edu\/directory\/profile\/robert-r-b-clark-md<\/a> <\/em>
\n(7) http:\/\/www.ccm.pitt.edu\/<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Miliony let pohlav\u00ed, kter\u00e9 nyn\u00ed pova\u017eujeme za slab\u00e9, bylo pr\u00e1v\u011b tou silnou polovinou lidstva.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":424,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,17],"tags":[41],"class_list":["post-1582","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-veda","tag-archeologie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1582","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1582"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1582\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1583,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1582\/revisions\/1583"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/424"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1582"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1582"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1582"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}