{"id":1343,"date":"2023-09-06T00:14:51","date_gmt":"2023-09-05T22:14:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=1343"},"modified":"2023-08-25T01:39:26","modified_gmt":"2023-08-24T23:39:26","slug":"stonehenge-a-astronomie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2023\/09\/06\/stonehenge-a-astronomie\/","title":{"rendered":"Stonehenge a astronomie?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Na za\u010d\u00e1tku 70. let anglick\u00fd astronom J. Hawkins, kter\u00fd pracoval pot\u00e9 na Bostonsk\u00e9 universit\u011b v USA, „o\u017eivil“ ml\u010d\u00edc\u00ed kameny Stonehenge.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm sv\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu let se poodkryla jedna z prvn\u00edch str\u00e1nek lidsk\u00e9 historie.<\/p>\n

Stonehenge – to je mnohem v\u00edc ne\u017e jen soubor ob\u0159\u00edch vertik\u00e1ln\u011b postaven\u00fdch sedmimetrov\u00fdch kamen\u016f, a jeho skute\u010dn\u00e1 historie je mnohem zaj\u00edmav\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v\u0161echny legendy.<\/p>\n

Uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee by mohlo j\u00edt o starobylou astronomickou observato\u0159, kter\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148ovala s pozoruhodnou p\u0159esnost\u00ed ur\u010dit kalend\u00e1\u0159n\u00ed den, ro\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed a dokonce p\u0159edpov\u00eddat lun\u00e1rn\u00ed a slune\u010dn\u00ed zatm\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm podrobn\u00e9 matematick\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy na po\u010d\u00edta\u010di IBM profesor Hawkins prok\u00e1zal, \u017ee mnohatunov\u00e9 kamenn\u00e9 p\u0159eklady m\u00ed\u0159\u00ed s pr\u016fhledy na ur\u010dit\u00e9 body na obzoru. T\u00edm zaznamenal v\u0161echna krajn\u00ed m\u00edsta v\u00fdchod\u016f a z\u00e1pad\u016f Slunce a M\u011bs\u00edce v r\u016fzn\u00fdch f\u00e1z\u00edch jejich pohybu na nebesk\u00e9 sf\u00e9\u0159e.<\/p>\n

Podle doktora v\u011bd fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-matematick\u00fdch v\u011bd I. A. Klimi\u0161ina, je Stonehenge opravdu \u00fa\u017easn\u00fd po\u010d\u00edta\u010d, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje nejen p\u0159esn\u011b definovat ro\u010dn\u00ed obdob\u00ed, ale tak\u00e9 p\u0159edv\u00eddat slune\u010dn\u00ed a m\u011bs\u00ed\u010dn\u00ed zatm\u011bn\u00ed. K tomu slou\u017eilo 56 hlubok\u00fdch d\u011br v kruhu o pr\u016fm\u011bru 87,8 m kolem Stonehenge, ve stejn\u00e9 vzd\u00e1lenosti od sebe, p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed k pozorov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161esti stoj\u00edc\u00edch kamen\u016f (t\u0159i b\u00edl\u00fdch a t\u0159\u00ed \u010dern\u00fdch).<\/p>\n

Stavitel\u00e9 Stonehenge vytvo\u0159ili (i kdy\u017e mo\u017en\u00e1 nev\u011bdom\u011b) modelov\u00fd syst\u00e9m Slunce-Zem\u011b-M\u011bs\u00edc …<\/p>\n

Novoz\u00e9landsk\u00fd astronom Beach vyslovil hypot\u00e9zu, \u017ee um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed kamen\u016f umo\u017e\u0148ovalo v d\u00e1vn\u00e9 minulosti p\u0159edv\u00eddat p\u0159\u00edliv a odliv. Ten se \u0159\u00edd\u00ed podle pohybu Slunce a M\u011bs\u00edce. Francouzsk\u00fd v\u011bdec Shatelen spo\u010d\u00edtal, \u017ee um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch prvk\u016f Stonehenge p\u0159esn\u011b odpov\u00eddalo bod\u016fm v\u00fdchodu Slunce a um\u00edst\u011bn\u00ed deseti hlavn\u00edch hv\u011bzd p\u0159ed 12 tis\u00edci lety.<\/p>\n

Zem\u011bpisn\u00e1 \u0161\u00ed\u0159ka, na kter\u00e9 je komplex postaven – 51 stup\u0148\u016f 17 minut \u2013 byl z\u0159ejm\u011b tak\u00e9 vybr\u00e1n z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b. V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b pravd\u011bpodobnost toho, \u017ee Stonehenge bylo um\u00edst\u011bno n\u00e1hodn\u011b, je velmi mal\u00e1 \u2013 jedna k deseti milion\u016fm. V takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech se \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee takov\u00e1 n\u00e1hoda je prakticky nemo\u017en\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Obecn\u011b lze slovo „n\u00e1hoda“ s ohledem na Stonehenge pou\u017e\u00edt p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b: jak uvid\u00edme d\u00e1le, bude on\u011bch „omyl\u016f“ a „n\u00e1hod“ p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 mnoho.<\/p>\n

V ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nev\u00edme, jak\u00fdmi motivy byli stavitel\u00e9 Stonehenge vedeni.<\/p>\n

Stonehenge se stalo slo\u017eit\u00fdm astronomick\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstrojem, a sou\u010dasn\u011b z architektonick\u00e9ho hlediska velmi jednoduch\u00fdm.<\/p>\n

Je zn\u00e1mo sedm klasick\u00fdch div\u016f sv\u011bta: pyramidy v Egypt\u011b (p\u0159esn\u011bji jen Velk\u00e1 pyramida Cheopse), visut\u00e9 zahrady Semiramidiny ve star\u00e9m Babylonu, socha Dia v Olympii, Dianin chr\u00e1m v Efezu, mauzoleum v Halikarnassu, Kolos na ostrov\u011b Rhodos, maj\u00e1k na ostrov\u011b Pharos.<\/p>\n

V\u0161echny tyto z\u00e1zraky, s v\u00fdjimkou babyl\u00f3nsk\u00fdch zahrad a Kolosu, byly vyrobeny z kamene. Ale v \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9m z nich nebyl k\u00e1men pou\u017eit tak dovedn\u011b, s pou\u017eit\u00edm tolika du\u0161evn\u00edch dovednost\u00ed a inteligence, jako v chr\u00e1mu na Salisbursk\u00e9 pl\u00e1ni.<\/p>\n

Tajemstv\u00ed Stonehenge<\/em> studoval Valentin T\u011bre\u0161in<\/em>, matematik a amat\u00e9rsk\u00fd astronom. P\u0159i detailn\u00edm studiu sch\u00e9matu t\u00e9to stavby a jin\u00fdch star\u00fdch staveb, objevil zaj\u00edmavou v\u011bc.<\/p>\n

V\u0161echno za\u010dalo s hled\u00e1n\u00edm vztah\u016f mezi pr\u016fm\u011bry kruh\u016f Stonehenge.<\/em> Zjistil, \u017ee pom\u011br pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f valu a stavby je stejn\u00fd jako pom\u011br pr\u016fm\u011br\u016f Zem\u011b a M\u011bs\u00edce. Pokud je ve Stonehenge opravdu za\u0161ifrovan\u00e1 velikost Zem\u011b a M\u011bs\u00edce, je nutn\u00e9 se pt\u00e1t: Nejsou v jeho stavb\u011b za\u0161ifrov\u00e1ny i \u00fadaje o dal\u0161\u00edch planet\u00e1ch Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy? A uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee ano.<\/p>\n

Podle kandid\u00e1ta fyzik\u00e1ln\u011b-matematick\u00fdch v\u011bd V. Komisarova<\/em> jsou ve Stonehenge<\/em> za\u0161ifrov\u00e1ny dr\u00e1hy dokonce 12 planet ve Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b, jakoby za Plutem byly dal\u0161\u00ed dv\u011b planety. Jedna ve vzd\u00e1lenosti 50 astronomick\u00fdch jednotek (AU) a dal\u0161\u00ed – asi 60 AU. Pr\u016fm\u011br t\u011bchto nebesk\u00fdch t\u011bles by m\u011bl b\u00fdt a\u017e 1800 km. (pr\u016fm\u011br na\u0161eho M\u011bs\u00edce je 3 476 km).<\/p>\n

Je t\u0159eba \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee existence jin\u00fdch planet v na\u0161\u00ed Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b nen\u00ed v rozporu se sou\u010dasn\u00fdmi v\u011bdeck\u00fdmi poznatky. Jednou z nevy\u0159e\u0161en\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek je st\u00e1le existence hypotetick\u00e9 planety Phaeton mezi Marsem a Jupiterem, kde je p\u00e1s asteroid\u016f.<\/p>\n

I dal\u0161\u00ed planety mohou b\u00fdt za ob\u011b\u017enou drahou Pluta, (kter\u00fd u\u017e sice nepova\u017eujeme za planetu).<\/p>\n

Astronomov\u00e9 po dal\u0161\u00edch planet\u00e1ch za hranicemi Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy p\u00e1traj\u00ed st\u00e1le. Po\u0159\u00e1d toti\u017e nejsou vysv\u011btleny podivn\u00e9 anom\u00e1lie v pohybu Neptunu a Pluta. Nep\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 d\u016fkazy o tom, \u017ee se n\u011bkde za Plutem pohybuje v\u00fdznamn\u011b hmotn\u00e9 t\u011bleso, dokl\u00e1daj\u00ed i nepravidelnosti v letech americk\u00fdch kosmick\u00fdch lod\u00ed Pioneer a Voyager. \u010c\u00edm v\u00edce se bl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed k hranici Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy, jejich trajektorie se st\u00e1le v\u00edce a v\u00edce odchyluj\u00ed od v\u00fdpo\u010dt\u016f. Takov\u00e9 t\u011bleso by m\u011blo b\u00fdt ve vzd\u00e1lenosti asi 50 \u2013 150 astronomick\u00fdch jednotek a o hmotnost\u00ed kolem 10 hmotnost\u00ed Zem\u011b. A je zaj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee o 12 planet\u00e1ch ve Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustav\u011b psali i sta\u0159\u00ed Sumerov\u00e9.<\/p>\n

Jak ji\u017e bylo zm\u00edn\u011bno v\u00fd\u0161e, Stonehenge bylo stav\u011bno pln\u00fdch t\u0159i sta let. Z toho vypl\u00fdv\u00e1, \u017ee jeho stavitel\u00e9 museli po n\u011bkolik stalet\u00ed dop\u0159edu zn\u00e1t pl\u00e1n a c\u00edl pr\u00e1ce. Kdo byl vlastn\u011b tv\u016frcem takov\u00e9ho pl\u00e1nu? A jak byl p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en z generace na generaci? Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b kdy\u017e z t\u00e9 doby nen\u00ed zn\u00e1mo jak\u00e9koli p\u00edsmo?<\/p>\n

Neexistuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd historick\u00fd d\u016fkaz, \u017ee by p\u0159ed 4 tis\u00edci lety m\u011bli obyvatel\u00e9 Zem\u011b jak\u00e9koliv znalosti o sv\u00e9 domovsk\u00e9 planet\u011b, nebo parametrech na\u0161\u00ed Slune\u010dn\u00ed soustavy. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 plat\u00ed, \u017ee nemohli m\u00edt n\u00e1stroje, se kter\u00fdmi by tak p\u0159esn\u011b um\u00edstili kameny ve Stonehenge. A co je nejd\u016fle\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed: co to bylo za kmeny, kter\u00e9 m\u00edsto, aby se zab\u00fdvali zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00edm a lovem, stav\u011bly takov\u00e9 d\u00edlo?<\/p>\n

Kdo v\u00ed, mo\u017en\u00e1 u nich byli „u\u010ditel\u00e9“, kte\u0159\u00ed n\u011bjak neolitick\u00fdm lidem vnutili pot\u0159ebu vytvo\u0159it tuto stavbu a nau\u010dili je, jak s n\u00ed pracovat a jak ji pou\u017e\u00edvat. Ten, kdo nutil lidi p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017eet stovky kilometr\u016f t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kameny, musel onen \u00fa\u010del zn\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Smysl samoz\u0159ejm\u011b byl t\u011b\u017eko zn\u00e1m t\u011bm, kte\u0159\u00ed dopravovali a stav\u011bli t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 kameny. Mo\u017en\u00e1 \u017ee svou pr\u00e1ci ch\u00e1pali jako p\u0159\u00edsp\u011bvek na stavb\u011b chr\u00e1mu nebo jin\u00e9ho posv\u00e1tn\u00e9ho m\u00edsta. Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed hypot\u00e9zy, \u017ee \u0161lo o jak\u00e9si poh\u0159ebn\u00ed chr\u00e1my, tyto \u00favahy nevylu\u010duj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

A jen sami „u\u010ditel\u00e9“ (nebudeme spekulovat, kdo by to mohl b\u00fdt), a mo\u017en\u00e1 jen ti nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed z nich znali pln\u00e9 tajemstv\u00ed t\u00e9to v\u00fdstavby…<\/p>\n

Ru\u0161t\u00ed badatel\u00e9 (V. Lagovskij, V. Avinskij<\/em> a dal\u0161\u00ed) se sna\u017e\u00ed dok\u00e1zat, \u017ee v\u011bdeck\u00e1 komunita nem\u00e1 pravdu, kdy\u017e Stonehenge<\/em> ch\u00e1pe pouze jako kultovn\u00ed objekt, nebo astronomick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj nebo po\u010d\u00edta\u010d.<\/p>\n

Shoduj\u00ed se na tom, \u017ee pokud budeme br\u00e1t v \u00favahu n\u011bkterou z t\u011bchto hypot\u00e9z, nebo dokonce v\u0161echny jako celek, op\u011bt vyvst\u00e1v\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: jak tito stavitel\u00e9 mohli zn\u00e1t \u00fa\u010del stavby? Nebo to muselo m\u00edt n\u011bjak\u00fd z\u0159ejm\u00fd c\u00edl, kter\u00fd vedl stavitele Stonehenge, aby b\u011bhem t\u0159\u00ed stalet\u00ed zd\u00e1nliv\u011b nepochopiteln\u00e9 pr\u00e1ce ukl\u00e1dali obrovsk\u00e9 kamenn\u00e9 bloky. Jak\u00fd to byl c\u00edl, zjist\u00edme pouze dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdzkumem.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Na za\u010d\u00e1tku 70. let anglick\u00fd astronom J. Hawkins, kter\u00fd pracoval pot\u00e9 na Bostonsk\u00e9 universit\u011b v USA, „o\u017eivil“ ml\u010d\u00edc\u00ed kameny Stonehenge.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1344,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[55,24,83],"class_list":["post-1343","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-astronomie","tag-evropa","tag-megality"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1343","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1343"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1343\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1345,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1343\/revisions\/1345"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1344"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1343"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1343"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1343"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}