{"id":1282,"date":"2023-10-18T00:27:50","date_gmt":"2023-10-17T22:27:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=1282"},"modified":"2023-08-22T00:43:01","modified_gmt":"2023-08-21T22:43:01","slug":"zahady-davnoveku-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2023\/10\/18\/zahady-davnoveku-8\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1hady d\u00e1vnov\u011bku (8)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>V\u011bdomosti sp\u00e1len\u00e9 i utajen\u00e9<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>To, no v\u00edme o sv\u00fdch divn\u00fdch p\u0159edc\u00edch, o vysp\u011blosti jejich civilizace a stupni jejich poznatk\u016f, jsou pouh\u00e9 \u00fatr\u017eky. Tuto ne\u00faplnost si nelze vysv\u011btlovat pouze \u010dasem, tis\u00edcilet\u00edmi, kter\u00e1 n\u00e1s od tehdej\u0161\u00ed doby d\u011bl\u00ed. pod\u00edlej\u00ed se na n\u00ed i dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny. Kasta, kter\u00e1 vrcholem tehdej\u0161\u00edho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed disponovala, nem\u011bla z\u00e1jem zp\u0159\u00edstupnit v\u0161echno sv\u00e9 du\u0161evn\u00ed bohatstv\u00ed. Dal\u0161\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dina pak spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 v tom, \u017ee lid\u00e9 sami odsoudili mnoho star\u00fdch poznatk\u016f k nen\u00e1vratn\u00e9mu zapomenut\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>V jednom z maysk\u00fdch chr\u00e1m\u016f objevili \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed dobyvatel\u00e9 rozs\u00e1hlou knihovnu star\u00fdch rukopis\u016f. Kdy\u017e v roce 1549 p\u0159ijel do Mexika \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fd mnich Diego de Landa, rozk\u00e1zal voj\u00e1k\u016fm, aby rukopisn\u00e9 svitky vynesli p\u0159ed chr\u00e1m, a pak toto \u201em\u00e1meni \u010f\u00e1belsk\u00e9&#8220; vlastnoru\u010dn\u011b zap\u00e1lil. Ze v\u0161ech maysk\u00fdch knihoven se dochovaly pouze t\u0159i rukopisy. Podobn\u00fd osud stihl i p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed star\u00fdch Ink\u016f.<\/p>\n<p>Historikov\u00e9 odhaduj\u00ed, \u017ee knihovna v Kart\u00e1gu obsahovala na 500 000 svazk\u016f. Zn\u00e1me v\u0161ak jedin\u00fd exempl\u00e1\u0159 p\u0159elo\u017een\u00fd do latiny, v\u0161echno ostatn\u00ed \u0158\u00edman\u00e9 sp\u00e1lili. Ve 3. stolet\u00ed p\u0159. n. l. byla v \u010c\u00edn\u011b p\u00e1lena d\u00edla Konfuciova.<\/p>\n<p>Tak\u00e9 z antick\u00e9 literatury se dochovaly jen zlomky. Sofokles napsal asi sto dramat, z\u016fstalo v\u0161ak pouh\u00fdch sedm. Ze stejn\u011b bohat\u00e9 tvorby Euripidovy se dochovalo devaten\u00e1ct prac\u00ed. D\u011bjiny \u0158\u00edma, jejich\u017e autorem je Titus Livius, zahrnovaly 142 knih, zn\u00e1me v\u0161ak pouh\u00fdch 35. Ze 200 000 svazk\u016f a rukopis\u016f v pergamonsk\u00e9 knihovn\u011b nez\u016fstal \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd, ztratilo se i bohatstv\u00ed alexandrijsk\u00e9 knihovny. \u010c\u00e1st sho\u0159ela, kdy\u017e Julius Caesar rozk\u00e1zal zap\u00e1lit egyptsk\u00e9 lo\u010fstvo, knihy o magii nechal zni\u010dit c\u00edsa\u0159 Diokleci\u00e1n, zbytek padl za ob\u011b\u0165 muslimsk\u00fdm dobyvatel\u016fm Alexandrie.<\/p>\n<p>P\u00e1len\u00ed knih, kter\u00e9 je stejn\u011b star\u00e9 jako samo p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed, je jednou z podstatn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din na\u0161ich dne\u0161n\u00edch, nezodpov\u011bzen\u00fdch ot\u00e1zek.<\/p>\n<p>Zn\u00e1me jen \u010d\u00e1st v\u011bdomost\u00ed, k nim\u017e dosp\u011bla nejstar\u0161\u00ed lidsk\u00e1 civilizace. Setk\u00e1v\u00e1me se s pozoruhodn\u00fdmi poznatky v oblasti astronomie, kosmogonie, zem\u011bpisu a jin\u00fdch obor\u016f, ani\u017e si dovedeme vysv\u011btlit, pro\u010d se objevuji tak n\u00e1hle a v tak rozvit\u00e9 podob\u011b. S dal\u0161\u00edmi poznatky nejstar\u0161\u00ed civilizace se ji\u017e nikdy nesetk\u00e1me, proto\u017ee lehly popelem. Kone\u010dn\u011b existuje t\u0159et\u00ed skupina, kter\u00e1 z\u016fstala z\u00e1m\u011brn\u011b utajena: v\u011bdomosti, jejich\u017e vlastnictv\u00ed \u010dinilo \u010dlov\u011bka nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdm pro ostatn\u00ed. M\u00e1me d\u016fvod k domn\u011bnce, \u017ee tyto znalosti byly tajeny zejm\u00e9na p\u0159ed vojev\u016fdci a panovn\u00edky.<\/p>\n<p>V existenci jak\u00e9si kasty, kter\u00e1 chr\u00e1n\u00ed tajn\u00e9 v\u011bdomosti, v\u011b\u0159il ve sv\u00e9 dob\u011b nap\u0159\u00edklad Newton: \u201eJsou i jin\u00e1, velk\u00e1 tajemstv\u00ed, jimi\u017e se zasv\u011bcen\u00ed lid\u00e9 nechlub\u00ed &#8230; kdyby byla roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena, sv\u011bt by se ocitl ve velk\u00e9m nebezpe\u010d\u00ed.&#8220;<\/p>\n<p>Podle Plutarcha napom\u00ednal pr\u00fd Alexandr Makedonsk\u00fd sv\u00e9ho u\u010ditele Aristotela, kdy\u017e se dov\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee p\u00ed\u0161e knihu o v\u011bdomostech, kter\u00e9 tehdej\u0161\u00ed filozofov\u00e9 naz\u00fdvali \u201e\u00fastn\u00ed&#8220; \u010di \u201eskryt\u00e9&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p>\u010c\u00e1st nejtajn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch znalost\u00ed byla chr\u00e1n\u011bna t\u00edm, \u017ee nesm\u011bly b\u00fdt zapisov\u00e1ny. Druh\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem pak bylo \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed psan\u00fdch poznatk\u016f: r\u016fzn\u00e9 symboly, hesla, znaky \u010di z\u00e1mlky zaji\u0161\u0165ovaly, aby smysl zaznamenan\u00e9ho nemohl pochopit nikdo nepovolan\u00fd. P\u0159\u00edkladem takov\u00e9ho \u0161ifrov\u00e1n\u00ed jsou knihy alchymist\u016f, kter\u00e9 se dochovaly ve v\u00edce ne\u017e sto tis\u00edc\u00edch exempl\u00e1\u0159\u00edch; tis\u00edce badatel\u016f se pak pokou\u0161ely zaznamenat poznatky, k nim\u017e za sv\u00e9ho \u017eivota dosp\u011bli. Praktickou cenu takto nashrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bn\u00fdch poznatk\u016f nezn\u00e1me.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkter\u00e9 \u0161ifry jsou jednoduch\u00e9, jin\u00e9 slo\u017eit\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. V\u00edme, \u017ee vzd\u011blanci v Sumeru stanovili pro \u00fapln\u00e9 oto\u010den\u00ed hv\u011bzdn\u00e9 oblohy dobu 25 920 let. Toto \u010d\u00edslo b\u00fdv\u00e1 za\u0161ifrov\u00e1no v r\u016fzn\u00fdch podob\u00e1ch p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech.<\/p>\n<p>Nap\u0159\u00edklad sumersk\u00e9 tabulky d\u011blen\u00ed a n\u00e1soben\u00ed vych\u00e1zej\u00ed z \u010d\u00edsla 12 980, co\u017e je zcela zjevn\u011b p\u0159epo\u010det zlomku 25920\/2. Stejn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo b\u00fdv\u00e1 \u0161ifrov\u00e1no i slo\u017eit\u011bji. Spolu s des\u00edtkovou soustavou znali Sumerov\u00e9 soustavu \u0161edes\u00e1tkovou \u2014 co\u017e se dochovalo do na\u0161\u00ed doby p\u0159i d\u011blen\u00ed prostoru na 360 stup\u0148\u016f a \u010dasu na 60 sekund. Mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee na\u0161e civilizace p\u0159evzala tuto soustavu ze Sumeru, mo\u017en\u00e1 v\u0161ak, \u017ee jej\u00ed p\u016fvod je mnohem star\u0161\u00ed, od civilizace, jej\u00ed\u017e stopy se n\u00e1m ztratily. Jist\u00e9 je, \u017ee smyslem \u0161edes\u00e1tkov\u00e9 soustavy je koncepce jednoty prostoru a \u010dasu, my\u0161lenka, k n\u00ed\u017e se p\u0159ibli\u017euje teprve sou\u010dasn\u011b lidstvo.<br \/>\nZ\u00e1kladem \u0161edes\u00e1tkov\u00e9 soustavy byl \u201esoss&#8220; \u2013 60, jestli\u017ee dobu oto\u010den\u00ed hv\u011bzdn\u00e9 oblohy, 25 920 let, d\u011bl\u00edme t\u00edmto \u201esoss&#8220;, je v\u00fdsledkem \u010d\u00edslo 432, se kter\u00fdm se setk\u00e1v\u00e1me p\u0159i r\u016fzn\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitostech. Ve staroindick\u00e9m eposu je uv\u00e1d\u011bn kosmick\u00fd cyklus trvaj\u00edc\u00ed 4 320 000 let, babylonsk\u00fd z\u00e1pis se zmi\u0148uje o panov\u00e1n\u00ed po dobu 432 0011 let p\u0159ed potopou, islandsk\u00fd epos o kosmick\u00e9 bitv\u011b boh\u016f a antiboh\u016f mluv\u00ed o 540 dve\u0159\u00edch, z kter\u00fdch pak vych\u00e1z\u00ed 800 voj\u00e1k\u016f, \u010d\u00edm\u017e znovu doch\u00e1z\u00edme k \u010d\u00edslu 432 000. Jenom ten, kdo znal p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fd kl\u00ed\u010d \u2014 \u201esoss&#8220; \u2014 pochopil v\u00fdznam uv\u00e1d\u011bn\u00e9 cifry.<\/p>\n<p>\u010cetn\u00e9 jsou i p\u0159\u00edklady utajov\u00e1ni zvl\u00e1\u0161\u0165 nebezpe\u010dn\u00fdch znalost\u00ed. Nach\u00e1z\u00edme je ve star\u00e9 Indii a uv\u00e1d\u00ed se i historka ze dvora Ludv\u00edka XVI., jemu\u017e v roce 1775 p\u0159edvedl jak\u00fdsi vyn\u00e1lezce sv\u016fj objev kulometu, av\u0161ak byl s tak zhoubnou novinkou vyk\u00e1z\u00e1n. P\u0159ipom\u00edn\u00e1 se pape\u017esk\u00e1 bula zakazuj\u00edc\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk\u016fm podkl\u00e1dat luk t\u0159\u00edno\u017ekou nebo jin\u00fdm podstavcem, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00edm p\u0159esn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed st\u0159elbu.<\/p>\n<p>Zaj\u00edmav\u00fd je i osud st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu. Objevil jej n\u011bmeck\u00fd franti\u0161k\u00e1nsk\u00fd mnich Bertold Schwarz, kdy\u017e byl uv\u011bzn\u011bn pro \u201e\u010dernou magii&#8220;. Stalo se tak v roce 1330 a zanedlouho se ot\u0159\u00e1sala v\u00fdbuchy boji\u0161t\u011b po cel\u00e9 Evrop\u011b. A p\u0159ece ne\u0161lo o evropsk\u00fd vyn\u00e1lez. Prach se objevoval d\u00e1vno p\u0159edt\u00edm, hned tu a hned tam, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e mezi ka\u017ed\u00fdm pou\u017eit\u00edm byla dlouh\u00e1 pauza trvaj\u00edc! n\u011bkdy i stalet\u00ed. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku na\u0161eho letopo\u010dtu se tajemstv\u00ed st\u0159eln\u00e9ho prachu dostalo z Indie do \u010c\u00edny, znali ho Egyp\u0165an\u00e9, v roce 890 pou\u017eili Arabov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed s n\u00edm znovu vystoupili p\u0159i obl\u00e9h\u00e1ni jednoho ze \u0161pan\u011blsk\u00fdch m\u011bst. Pro\u010d se tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fd n\u00e1stroj v\u00e1lky neroz\u0161\u00ed\u0159il d\u0159\u00edve? Jedn\u00edm z mo\u017en\u00fdch vysv\u011btlen\u00ed je existence lid\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed znalost smrtonosn\u00e9 zbran\u011b st\u0159e\u017eili p\u0159ed v\u0161eobecn\u00fdm roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00edm. V\u017edy\u0165 i Leonardo da Vinci, soud\u011b podle jeho z\u00e1pisk\u016f, ponechal zapomenuti sv\u016fj objev na dlouhodob\u00e9 p\u0159eb\u00fdv\u00e1n\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka pod vodou z obavy p\u0159ed lupi\u010di lod\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Je nesnadn\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit, jak\u00e9 v\u011bdomosti byly tak pe\u010dliv\u011b chr\u00e1n\u011bny p\u0159ed obecn\u00fdm pozn\u00e1n\u00edm. P\u0159esto se v dal\u0161\u00edm pokus\u00edme z\u00edskat o nich alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dnou p\u0159edstavu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><em>Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V\u011bdomosti sp\u00e1len\u00e9 i utajen\u00e9<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":450,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[41],"class_list":["post-1282","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-archeologie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1282","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1282"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1282\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1289,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1282\/revisions\/1289"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/450"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1282"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1282"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1282"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}