{"id":1276,"date":"2023-09-07T00:23:17","date_gmt":"2023-09-06T22:23:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=1276"},"modified":"2023-08-24T01:03:51","modified_gmt":"2023-08-23T23:03:51","slug":"zahady-davnoveku-5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2023\/09\/07\/zahady-davnoveku-5\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1hady d\u00e1vnov\u011bku (5)"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>&#8222;Druh\u00e9 divo\u0161stv\u00ed\u00ab sv\u011bta?<\/strong><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Starov\u011bc\u00ed arab\u0161t\u00ed u\u010denci uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, \u017ee kr\u00e1tce p\u0159ed pohromou, kter\u00e1 postihla sv\u011bt, byly v doln\u00edm Egypt\u011b postaveny dv\u011b pyramidy, kam mudrcov\u00e9 ulo\u017eili z\u00e1pisy o ve\u0161ker\u00fdch tehdej\u0161\u00edch poznatc\u00edch. Podobn\u00e9 zpr\u00e1vy lze naj\u00edt ve staroegyptsk\u00fdch pramenech nebo u starov\u011bk\u00e9ho d\u011bjepisce Flavia, kter\u00fd nam\u00edsto o pyramid\u00e1ch hovo\u0159\u00ed o dvou vysok\u00fdch sloupech, cihlov\u00e9m a kamenn\u00e9m, na kter\u00e9 byla v p\u0159edtu\u0161e katastrofy ve\u0161ker\u00e1 moudrost vytes\u00e1na. O z\u00e1chran\u011b n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00edch rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch znalosti se zmi\u0148uj\u00ed tak\u00e9 Strabon, staroindick\u00e9 n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9 knihy, babyl\u00f3nsk\u00e9 a sumersk\u00e9 texty.<\/p>\n<p>Sol\u00f3n popisuje, jak se egypt\u0161t\u00ed kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed vysm\u00edvali neznalosti \u0158ek\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed jako d\u011bti nic nev\u011bd\u00ed o star\u00fdch \u010dasech a d\u00e1vn\u00fdch v\u011bdomostech. Vypr\u00e1v\u011bli mu, \u017ee katastrofa zni\u010dila obyvatelstvo m\u011bst na mo\u0159sk\u00e9m pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a v \u00fadol\u00ed \u0159ek, tak\u017ee z\u016fstali jen \u201enejprimitivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, negramotn\u00ed past\u00fd\u0159i a chovatel\u00e9 dobytka&#8220;, \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v hor\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p>I kdy\u017e se \u010d\u00e1st p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00edk\u016f kdysi vysoce civilizovan\u00e9ho n\u00e1roda zachr\u00e1nila, v\u011bt\u0161ina stejn\u011b nedok\u00e1zala \u010delit nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdm \u017eivl\u016fm a divok\u00fdm kmen\u016fm. O tom, \u017ee po stalet\u00ed z\u00edsk\u00e1van\u00e9 poznatky mohou za nep\u0159\u00edzniv\u00fdch okolnost\u00ed z pov\u011bdom\u00ed lid\u00ed vymizet, sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i p\u0159\u00edklady z ned\u00e1vn\u00fdch stalet\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Ve 14. a 15. stolet\u00ed existovaly v Severn\u00ed Americe normansk\u00e9 osady, jejich\u017e obyvatel\u00e9 um\u011bli tavit a opracov\u00e1vat kovy. Kdy\u017e v\u0161ak tito p\u0159es\u00eddlenci ztratili kontakt se svou domovinou a postupn\u011b se asimilovali s okoln\u00edmi kmeny, nav\u017edy ztratili svou dovednost a klesli na \u00farove\u0148 doby kamenn\u00e9. Ve m\u011bst\u011b T\u00edhuanaco v And\u00e1ch se lid\u00e9 kdysi dob\u0159e vyznali v pohybu nebesk\u00fdch t\u011bles a je\u0161t\u011b \u0161pan\u011bl\u0161t\u00ed conquistado\u0159i zde na\u0161li ozdobn\u00e9 st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00e9 odlitky v\u00e1\u017e\u00edc\u00ed a\u017e p\u016fl tuny. M\u011bsto v\u0161ak bylo pust\u00e9 a kmeny \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v okol\u00ed ob\u00fdvaly r\u00e1kosov\u00e9 chatr\u010de, neum\u011bly tavit kovy a nem\u011bly potuchy o astronomii.<\/p>\n<p>Podobn\u00fd kulturn\u00ed sestup naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed historikov\u00e9 a etnografov\u00e9 \u201edruh\u00fdm divo\u0161stv\u00edm&#8220; a nach\u00e1zej\u00ed ho u mnoha n\u00e1rod\u016f. Kmeny, kter\u00e9 se vr\u00e1tily na \u00farove\u0148 prvobytn\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, jsou zn\u00e1my z jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Asie nebo z Konga a Angoly, kde kdysi existovalo a pozd\u011bji bylo zapomenuto vlastn\u00ed p\u00edsemnictv\u00ed. V\u0161eobecn\u011b se nap\u0159\u00edklad v\u00ed, \u017ee Mayov\u00e9 neznali pojem kola \u2014 jen\u017ee p\u0159i vykop\u00e1vk\u00e1ch zde byly nalezeny miniaturn\u00ed voz\u00edky na \u010dty\u0159ech kole\u010dk\u00e1ch, vypalovan\u00e9 z hl\u00edny; nic jin\u00e9ho ne\u017e d\u00e1vn\u00e1 vzpom\u00ednka na doby, kdy zde patrn\u011b byla zn\u00e1ma kola i vozy.<\/p>\n<p>Sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o ztr\u00e1t\u011b jak\u00fdchsi rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdch znalost\u00ed, k n\u00ed\u017e do\u0161lo za katastrofy, m\u016f\u017eeme de\u0161ifrovat i ze symbolick\u00e9, tradi\u010dn\u00ed podoby n\u011bkter\u00fdch star\u00fdch text\u016f. Jeden egyptsk\u00fd z\u00e1pis uv\u00e1d\u00ed: \u201ePot\u0159el sv\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1tele a okusil jejich pozn\u00e1n\u00ed.&#8220; Slovo \u201eokusit&#8220; ve smyslu \u201epoznat&#8220; je obsa\u017eeno nap\u0159\u00edklad v bibli, kde se hovo\u0159\u00ed o symbolick\u00e9m stromu: kdo okus\u00ed jeho plody, stane se rovn\u00fd boh\u016fm, znaj\u00edc\u00edm dobro i zlo.<\/p>\n<p>Strom pozn\u00e1n\u00ed nach\u00e1z\u00edme u r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f \u2014 ve star\u00e9m Babyl\u00f3n\u011b, u Azt\u00e9k\u016f, v irsk\u00e9m folkl\u00f3ru, pod stromem, jeho\u017e plody p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, b\u00fdv\u00e1 zobrazov\u00e1n indick\u00fd Vi\u0161nu, v r\u016fzn\u00e9 po dob\u011b existuje v Japonsku, \u010c\u00edn\u011b nebo na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>P\u0159\u00edzna\u010dn\u00e9 je, \u017ee se stromem pozn\u00e1n\u00ed je v\u017edy zobrazov\u00e1n i symbol katastrofy \u2014 had, voda, nebo drak. Had ochra\u0148uje strom pozn\u00e1n\u00ed u star\u00fdch \u0158ek\u016f, stejn\u011b jako v Sumeru \u010di v buddhismu. V obdobn\u00fdch vyobrazen\u00edch, poch\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00edch z r\u016fzn\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed sv\u011bta, je symbol pozn\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159ehrazov\u00e1n symbolem potopy, katastrofy.<\/p>\n<p>Podle star\u00fdch autor\u016f se v\u0161ak poda\u0159ilo alespo\u0148 \u010d\u00e1st n\u011bkdej\u0161\u00edch poznatk\u016f zachr\u00e1nit. P\u0159ed v\u0161eobecn\u00fdm divo\u0161stv\u00edm a barbarstv\u00edm je pak st\u0159e\u017eily \u00fazk\u00e9, uzav\u0159en\u00e9 skupiny, druidov\u00e9 na britsk\u00fdch ostrovech, brahmani v Indii, v Egypt\u011b \u017ereci, kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed pozd\u011bji, kdy\u017e zde vznikl st\u00e1t, p\u0159edstavovali monopol v\u011bd\u011bn\u00ed. Po \u0159adu tis\u00edcilet\u00ed si p\u0159ed\u00e1vali prastar\u00e9 poznatky, kter\u00e9 navenek obest\u0159eli neprostupn\u00fdm tajemstv\u00edm. Podle Herodotova sv\u011bdectv\u00ed v jedn\u00e9 z egyptsk\u00fdch svatyn\u00ed bylo shrom\u00e1\u017ed\u011bno 341 soch nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edch kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed, postupn\u00fdch p\u0159edstavitel\u016f jednotliv\u00fdch generac\u00ed, co\u017e by znamenalo, \u017ee tato kn\u011b\u017esk\u00e1 instituce trvala deset tis\u00edc let a musela tedy vzniknout bezprost\u0159edn\u011b po katastrof\u011b.<\/p>\n<p>Lze p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dat, \u017ee takov\u00e9 skupiny ochr\u00e1nci star\u00fdch poznatk\u016f se pokou\u0161ely urychlit pomal\u00fd evolu\u010dn\u00ed proces lidstva, a proto \u0161\u00ed\u0159ily r\u016fzn\u00e9 praktick\u00e9 v\u011bdomosti, kter\u00e9 lid\u00e9 mohli pochopit a p\u0159ijmout. U r\u016fzn\u00fdch n\u00e1rod\u016f se o tom dochovala sv\u011bdectv\u00ed p\u0159ipom\u00ednaj\u00edc\u00ed jak\u00e9si u\u010ditele, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li z nezn\u00e1ma a p\u0159inesli pozn\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p>Nejzn\u00e1m\u011bj\u0161\u00ed postavou tohoto druhu je jist\u011b Prom\u00e9teus, kter\u00fd lidi nau\u010dil pou\u017e\u00edvat ohn\u011b. Nejde v\u0161ak jen o Prom\u00e9tea, podobn\u00e9 bytosti znaj\u00ed legendy Ji\u017en\u00ed Ameriky, lze je naj\u00edt v Mexiku, v ji\u017en\u00ed i p\u0159edn\u00ed Asii nebo v ran\u011b k\u0159es\u0165ansk\u00fdch apokryfech. U\u010d\u00ed lidi zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed a \u0159emesl\u016fm, stav\u011bt mosty a k\u00e1cet stromy, p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161ej\u00ed lidem kalend\u00e1\u0159 i znalost p\u00edsma.<\/p>\n<p>N\u011bkdy jsou tyto postavy &#8211; snad kdysi skute\u010dn\u011b existuj\u00edc\u00ed lid\u00e9 \u2014 \u010dasem za\u0159azeny mezi bohy \u010di mezi and\u011bl\u00e9. Dodate\u010dn\u00e9 zbo\u017en\u011bn\u00ed \u010dlov\u011bka, kter\u00fd proslul rozs\u00e1hl\u00fdmi znalostmi, je zn\u00e1mo i z pozd\u011bj\u0161\u00ed historie. Jde o postavy, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed r\u016fzn\u00e9 z\u00e1sluhy a r\u016fzn\u00e9 osudy. Podstatn\u00e9 ov\u0161em je, \u017ee sv\u011bdectv\u00ed o u\u010ditel\u00edch, kte\u0159\u00ed p\u0159i\u0161li a p\u0159inesli cenn\u00e9 pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, jsou velmi \u010detn\u00e1 a lze je naj\u00edt na cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8222;Druh\u00e9 divo\u0161stv\u00ed\u00ab sv\u011bta?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1327,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[41],"class_list":["post-1276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-archeologie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1276"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1328,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1276\/revisions\/1328"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1327"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1276"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1276"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1276"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}