{"id":1274,"date":"2023-08-17T00:19:50","date_gmt":"2023-08-16T22:19:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=1274"},"modified":"2023-08-22T00:41:18","modified_gmt":"2023-08-21T22:41:18","slug":"zahady-davnoveku-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2023\/08\/17\/zahady-davnoveku-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Z\u00e1hady d\u00e1vnov\u011bku (4)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Jak dlouh\u00e1 je historie lidstva ?<\/strong><\/p>\n

P\u0159esto\u017ee historikov\u00e9 maj\u00ed k dispozici mnoho star\u00fdch text\u016f a rukopis\u016f, na\u0161e v\u011bdomosti o nejstar\u0161\u00edch d\u011bjin\u00e1ch nejsou nijak rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9. Jednou z p\u0159\u00ed\u010din je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee pod tradi\u010dn\u00ed mytologickou podobou dochovan\u00fdch zpr\u00e1v nedok\u00e1\u017eeme rozeznat re\u00e1ln\u00e1 historick\u00e1 fakta.
\n\u010clov\u011bk, kter\u00fd se ve star\u00e9m textu do\u010dte. \u017ee v roce tom a tom se na nebi objevil, \u0159ekn\u011bme, ohniv\u00fd drak, m\u00e1 v podstat\u011b troj\u00ed mo\u017enost v\u00fdkladu;<\/p>\n

a) p\u0159ijmout tuto zpr\u00e1vu doslova (co\u017e odpov\u00edd\u00e1 d\u011btsk\u00e9mu ch\u00e1p\u00e1n\u00ed),
\nb) br\u00e1t tuto zpr\u00e1vu jako \u00fapln\u00fd v\u00fdmysl (co\u017e je nejsnadn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed, ale i nejm\u00e9n\u011b d\u016fstojn\u00e9);
\nc) pokusit se pod mytologick\u00fdm a n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm n\u00e1nosem vyp\u00e1trat skute\u010dnost, na jej\u00edm\u017e podklad\u011b zpr\u00e1va vznikla \u2014 objeveni komety apod. (co\u017e je cesta badatel\u016f).<\/p>\n

Marx a Engels m\u011bli zcela kritick\u00fd vztah k n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00e9mu sv\u011btov\u00e9mu n\u00e1zoru, a p\u0159ece ch\u00e1pali bibli jako historick\u00fd pramen, jednu z nejmysti\u010dt\u011bj\u0161\u00edch biblick\u00fdch knih. Zjeven\u00ed svat\u00e9ho Jana, pova\u017eoval Engels za v\u011brn\u00e9 zrcadlo ran\u00e9ho k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Ne\u017e vysv\u011btl\u00edme a uplatn\u00edme n\u011bjak\u00fd historick\u00fd pramen, mus\u00edme ho ov\u0161em p\u0159e\u010d\u00edst. To b\u00fdv\u00e1 \u010dasto velmi nesnadn\u00e9. U kr\u00e9tsk\u00fdch p\u00edsemn\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek m\u011bli v\u011bdci k dispozici jako de\u0161ifruj\u00edc\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010d jedin\u00e9 slovo, jeho\u017e p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00fd obsah znali. Slovo m\u011blo osmn\u00e1ct znak\u016f – ale jak ten kter\u00fd znak zn\u011bl? Ot\u00e1zka musela b\u00fdt zodpov\u011bzena, jestli\u017ee se m\u011bla stanovit jazykov\u00e1 skupina, k n\u00ed\u017e tv\u016frci kr\u00e9tsk\u00e9 myk\u00e9nsk\u00e9 kultury n\u00e1le\u017eeli. Kdyby za ka\u017ed\u00fd z osmn\u00e1cti znak\u016f dosadili ur\u010ditou hl\u00e1sku, dosp\u011bli by v\u011bdci k 200 000 000 000 000 zvukov\u00fdm variant\u00e1m dan\u00e9ho slova, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e jen jedna mohla b\u00fdt spr\u00e1vn\u00e1. Podobn\u00fdm probl\u00e9mem bylo de\u0161ifrov\u00e1ni text\u016f nalezen\u00fdch v ned\u00e1vn\u00e9 dob\u011b na b\u0159ehu Mrtv\u00e9ho m\u016f\u0159e; zde musely p\u0159ij\u00edt na pomoc slo\u017eit\u00e9 samo\u010dinn\u00e9 po\u010d\u00edta\u010de.<\/p>\n

Prameny, podle nich\u017e zkoum\u00e1me minulost, jsou zna\u010dn\u011b omezen\u00e9 a jejich pochopeni je velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9. Nen\u00ed tedy divu, \u017ee na\u0161e znalosti o po\u010d\u00e1tc\u00edch lidstva jsou zna\u010dn\u011b ne\u00fapln\u00e9. T\u0159eba\u017ee archeologick\u00e9 b\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed je velmi rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9, sta\u010dili p\u0159i n\u011bm v\u011bdci objevit jen nepatrnou \u010d\u00e1st hmotn\u00fdch pam\u00e1tek, ji\u017e n\u011bkolik v\u011bdeck\u00fdch generaci prov\u00e1d\u00ed vykop\u00e1vky Sumeru, zat\u00edm se jim v\u0161ak poda\u0159ilo odkr\u00fdt jen jedno procento plochy, na kter\u00e9 sumersk\u00e1 m\u011bsta le\u017eela.<\/p>\n

\u010c\u00edm v\u00edce \u00fadaj\u016f o d\u00e1vn\u011b minulosti z\u00edsk\u00e1v\u00e1me, t\u00edm hloub\u011bji se do minulosti posouv\u00e1 i sama existence \u010dlov\u011bka. Po\u010d\u00e1tkem na\u0161eho stolet\u00ed se v\u011bdci domn\u00edvali, \u017ee v Americe se lid\u00e9 objevili p\u0159ed 1000 lety, postupn\u011b se tento \u00fadaj zv\u00fd\u0161il na desetin\u00e1sobek a dnes nechyb\u011bj\u00ed n\u00e1zory, kter\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed cel\u00fdch sto tis\u00edc let.<\/p>\n

Podobn\u011b je tomu i s \u00fadaji o jednotliv\u00fdch civilizac\u00edch. Nedaleko od Mexico-City je stup\u0148ovit\u00e1 pyramida (Cu\u00edcuilco), z\u010d\u00e1sti poh\u0159ben\u00e1 l\u00e1vou. Na rozd\u00edl od m\u00edn\u011bn\u00ed archeolog\u016f geologov\u00e9, vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z p\u016fvodu l\u00e1vy, stanovili, \u017ee stavba byla zavalena v 5. tis. p\u0159ed n. l. – tedy v dob\u011b, kdy podle v\u0161ech dosavadn\u00edch \u00fadaj\u016f nem\u011bla na tomto \u00fazem\u00ed existovat rozvinut\u00e1 civilizace. Podobn\u00fdm sv\u011bdectv\u00edm je tak\u00e9 datum zachovan\u00e9 na kamenn\u00e9 st\u011bn\u011b ve St\u0159edn\u00ed Americe, datum, kter\u00e9 odpov\u00edd\u00e1 roku 12 042 p\u0159. n. l. jsou zn\u00e1my i n\u00e1pisy s mnohem star\u0161\u00edmi daty. Archeologov\u00e9 tak maj\u00ed k dispozici nesporn\u00e9 d\u016fkazy nejen o samotn\u00e9 existenci \u010dlov\u011bka, ale maj\u00ed i hmotn\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky jeho \u010dinnosti p\u0159ed 40 tis\u00edci lety.<\/p>\n

V \u010dasech d\u00e1vnov\u011bk\u00e9 katastrofy, j\u00ed\u017e jsme se zab\u00fdvali v minul\u00fdch kapitol\u00e1ch, musela v t\u00e9to oblasti existovat ur\u010dit\u00e1 civilizace. Na jak vysok\u00e9m v\u00fdvojov\u00e9m stupni byla tato kultura?<\/p>\n

Podobnou ot\u00e1zku si m\u016f\u017eeme polo\u017eit i v souvislosti s egyptskou, sumerskou \u010di jihoamerickou civilizaci. V\u017eit\u00fd n\u00e1zor klade vznik prvn\u00edho st\u00e1tu v povod\u00ed Nilu do 4. tis\u00edcilet\u00ed, av\u0161ak mnoh\u00e1 sv\u011bdectv\u00ed, starov\u011bk\u00e1 i sou\u010dasn\u00e1, uv\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed prvn\u00ed p\u00edsemn\u00e9 i hmotn\u00e9 pam\u00e1tky z doby mnohem star\u0161\u00ed. Starov\u011bk\u00e9 m\u011bsto Tiahuanaco v bolivijsk\u00fdch And\u00e1ch le\u017e\u00ed ve v\u00fd\u0161ce 4000 metr\u016f nad mo\u0159em, kter\u00e1 je pro lid\u00ed nep\u0159\u00edhodn\u00e1. Av\u0161ak poz\u016fstatky velk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstavu, \u0161keble, vyobrazen\u00ed l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edch ryb a vykopan\u00e9 kostry mo\u0159sk\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed o tom, \u017ee m\u011bsto kdysi le\u017eelo u mo\u0159e, snad p\u0159\u00edmo na mo\u0159sk\u00e9m b\u0159ehu. Geologov\u00e9 tvrd\u00ed, \u017ee Andy vznikly ve t\u0159etihor\u00e1ch \u2014 tedy v dob\u011b, kdy je\u0161t\u011b \u010dlov\u011bk nem\u011bl existovat.
\nV 16. stolet\u00ed pr\u00fd \u0160pan\u011bl\u00e9 na\u0161li v peru\u00e1nsk\u00fdch st\u0159\u00edbrn\u00fdch dolech \u017eelezn\u00fd h\u0159eb dlouh\u00fd osmn\u00e1ct centimetr\u016f, jeho\u017e spodn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st ji\u017e t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 splynula s\u00ab sk\u00e1lou. V jednom z australsk\u00fdch uheln\u00fdch dol\u016f byl nalezen meteorit se stupami lidsk\u00e9ho opracov\u00e1n\u00ed; proto\u017ee n\u00e1lez byl u\u010din\u011bn ve t\u0159etihorn\u00edch vrstv\u00e1ch, znamenalo by to. \u017ee se ho \u201einteligentn\u00ed“ lidsk\u00e9 ruce musely dot\u00fdkat ji\u017e p\u0159ed 30 mili\u00f3ny let.<\/p>\n

V\u011bt\u0161ina historik\u016f na tyto n\u00e1lezy pohl\u00ed\u017e\u00ed skepticky. Jist\u011b, je t\u0159eba vy\u010dkat, a\u017e podobn\u00e9 n\u00e1lezy budou u\u010din\u011bny za podm\u00ednek tzv. \u010dist\u00e9ho experimentu, kdy je vylou\u010dena jak\u00e1koli nep\u0159esnost. Zdr\u017eenlivost vypl\u00fdv\u00e1 nejen ze smutn\u00fdch zku\u0161enosti s ukvapen\u00fdmi z\u00e1v\u011bry, omyly nebo i podvrhy, ale i z nesporn\u00e9 setrva\u010dnosti lidsk\u00e9ho my\u0161len\u00ed. Omezen\u00e1 p\u0159edstavivost m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt vlastn\u00ed i nejjasn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm lidsk\u00fdm duch\u016fm. Na dotaz, zda v\u011b\u0159\u00ed, \u017ee v nejbli\u017e\u0161\u00edm stolet\u00ed ovl\u00e1dne lidstvo energii atomov\u00e9ho j\u00e1dra, odpov\u011bd\u011bl Albert Einstein \u2014 deset let p\u0159ed prvn\u00edm atomov\u00fdm v\u00fdbuchem \u2014, \u017ee je to zcela vylou\u010deno.<\/p>\n

Jestli\u017ee n\u00e1lezy, jejich\u017e p\u0159\u00edklady jsme uvedli, budou potvrzeny, posune se existence inteligentn\u00edch lidsk\u00fdch bytost\u00ed na na\u0161i planet\u011b do mnohem d\u00e1vn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed doby, ne\u017e se nyn\u00ed domn\u00edv\u00e1me.<\/p>\n

Mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed archeologick\u00e1 expedice belgick\u00fdch, francouzsk\u00fdch a americk\u00fdch badatel\u016f, kter\u00e1 se uskute\u010dnila p\u0159ed p\u011bti lety v ji\u017en\u00ed Etiopii, prok\u00e1zala sv\u00fdmi n\u00e1lezy existenci \u010dlov\u011bka jako druhu v obdob\u00ed p\u0159ed \u010dty\u0159mi mili\u00f3ny let. Prehistorie lidstva se tak zna\u010dn\u011b prodlu\u017euje a spolu s t\u00edm je st\u00e1le re\u00e1ln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed mo\u017enost, \u017ee kdysi existovaly ran\u00e9, n\u00e1m dosud nezn\u00e1m\u00e9 civilizace.<\/p>\n

Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jak dlouh\u00e1 je historie lidstva ?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":525,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,19],"tags":[41],"class_list":["post-1274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-zahady","tag-archeologie"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1274","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1274"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1274\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1287,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1274\/revisions\/1287"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/525"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1274"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1274"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1274"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}