{"id":1002,"date":"2023-07-17T00:07:05","date_gmt":"2023-07-16T22:07:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/?p=1002"},"modified":"2023-07-19T23:11:32","modified_gmt":"2023-07-19T21:11:32","slug":"letajici-talir-made-in-canada","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/2023\/07\/17\/letajici-talir-made-in-canada\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed tal\u00ed\u0159 Made in Canada"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u00fdrobce letadel Avro Canada<\/em>, kter\u00fd v 50. letech vytvo\u0159il nadzvukov\u00fd st\u00edhac\u00ed letoun CF-105 Arrow<\/em>, pracoval i na l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edm disku pod ozna\u010den\u00edm Avro Canada VZ-9.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed testy „tal\u00ed\u0159e“ byly \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9. Pro\u010d tedy tento projekt zanikl?<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Kdy\u017e se za\u010dala objevovat prvn\u00ed letadla, k\u0159\u00eddla m\u011bla r\u016fzn\u00fd tvar, n\u011bkdy i ve tvaru disku. R\u016fzn\u00e9 diskopl\u00e1ny<\/em> tj. letadla s k\u0159\u00eddlem ve tvaru disku, stav\u011bli studenti v 30. l\u00e9tech v SSSR.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

V USA a Kanad\u011b ale pova\u017eovali probl\u00e9m diskoletu<\/em> velmi v\u00e1\u017en\u00fd. V Kanad\u011b v\u00fdrobce letadel Avro Canada, kter\u00fd v 50. l\u00e9tech sestrojil nadzvukov\u00fd st\u00edhac\u00ed CF-105 Arrow (obr.1), za\u010dal vyv\u00edjet i „l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed tal\u00ed\u0159“ Avro Canada VZ-9<\/em><\/strong> (obr. 2), letadlo, kter\u00e9 m\u011blo vyu\u017e\u00edvat tzv. Coand\u016fv efekt.<\/em> (obr. 3)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Co tento efekt znamen\u00e1?<\/p>\n

Z fyziky je zn\u00e1mo, \u017ee Coand\u016fv efekt<\/em> je fyzik\u00e1ln\u00ed jev, pojmenovan\u00fd po rumunsk\u00e9m v\u011bdci Henri Coanda <\/em>(1886-1972), kter\u00fd v roce 1932 objevil, \u017ee proud kapaliny proud\u00edc\u00ed z trysky m\u00e1 tendenci obt\u00e9kat zak\u0159iven\u00e9 plochy.<\/p>\n

To se vysv\u011btluje skute\u010dnost\u00ed, \u017ee se br\u00e1n\u00ed voln\u00e9mu proud\u011bn\u00ed vzduchu od jedn\u00e9 strany trysky a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v\u00edr v oblasti n\u00edzk\u00e9ho tlaku. To znamen\u00e1, jestli\u017ee se dodate\u010dn\u011b ofukuje svrchu k\u0159\u00eddlo letadla, jeho vztlak se podstatn\u011b zv\u00fd\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

Tento princip byl pou\u017eit p\u0159i konstrukci n\u011bkolika letadel s kr\u00e1tk\u00fdm vzletem a p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00edm \u2013 nap\u0159. americk\u00e9 experiment\u00e1ln\u00ed letadlo QSRA a prototyp vojensk\u00e9ho transportn\u00edho letounu Boeing YC-14<\/em><\/strong> a YC-15<\/em><\/strong> (obr.4, 5) a sov\u011btsk\u00e1 vojensk\u00e1 transportn\u00ed letadla An-72<\/em><\/strong> a An-74<\/em><\/strong> (obr. 6,7,8).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Nicm\u00e9n\u011b, pou\u017eit\u00ed Coandova efektu<\/em> na diskopl\u00e1nu<\/em> sliboval velk\u00e9 v\u00fdhody, co\u017e je d\u016fvod, pro\u010d se jej rozhodli pou\u017e\u00edt v konstruk\u010dn\u00ed kancel\u00e1\u0159i Avro Canada.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00fdvoj letounu prob\u00edhal pod k\u00f3dov\u00fdm ozna\u010den\u00edm „Project 1794<\/strong><\/em>„, a konstrukt\u00e9\u0159i si postavili \u00fakoly, kter\u00e9 nelze nazvat jinak ne\u017e ambici\u00f3zn\u00edmi. Posu\u010fte sami: „rychlost od M3 do M4, dostup v\u00edce ne\u017e 30 kilometr\u016f a maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed dolet 1850 km.“ P\u0159esn\u011b tak jsou jeho letov\u00e9 v\u00fdkony pl\u00e1nov\u00e1ny v memorandu z roku 1956.<\/p>\n

Obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00fd je \u00fadaj o rychlosti, kter\u00fd je zalo\u017een na z\u00e1klad\u011b zkou\u0161ek modelu v nadzvukov\u00e9m aerodynamick\u00e9m tunelu, i kdy\u017e hovo\u0159it o 4M v roce 1956 je velmi, velmi odv\u00e1\u017en\u00e9. Zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b, kdy\u017e slavn\u00fd rychlostn\u00ed rekord letounu SR-71 Blackbird<\/em><\/strong> – 3 529,56 km\/h – byl dosa\u017een a\u017e v roce 1976, tedy p\u0159esn\u011b za 20 let!<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Co vedlo konstrukt\u00e9ry k tak optimistick\u00fdm p\u0159edpoklad\u016fm?<\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 to, \u017ee u prototypu proud plyn\u016f z turb\u00edny vstupoval do prstencov\u00e9 trysky, um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 po cel\u00e9m obvodu „l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edho tal\u00ed\u0159e“. Vzduch, vych\u00e1zej\u00edc\u00ed z trysky se \u201edr\u017e\u00ed“ k povrchu letadla a prot\u00e9k\u00e1 pod n\u011bj, \u010d\u00edm\u017e se zvy\u0161uje vztlak jen p\u0159i pou\u017eit\u00ed Coandova efektu<\/em>. Zbytek produkt\u016f spalov\u00e1n\u00ed je nasm\u011brov\u00e1n dol\u016f a vytv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed tah, co\u017e by poskytlo dal\u0161\u00ed dodate\u010dnou vztlakovou s\u00edlu. Syst\u00e9m pohonu by byl tak zna\u010dn\u011b efektivn\u00ed., nebo\u0165 \u010d\u00e1st tahu by byla jako u norm\u00e1ln\u00edho letadla a \u010d\u00e1st byla zvedala letoun bez dodate\u010dn\u00e9 spot\u0159eby paliva.<\/p>\n

\u0158\u00edzen\u00ed letu by bylo provedeno \u00fapravou vektoru tahu za pomoci vysunut\u00fdch klapek na obvodu disku a cel\u00fdm n\u00e1klonem disku vp\u0159ed podobn\u011b jako je to u vrtuln\u00edk\u016f.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Po\u010d\u00edtalo se s t\u00edm, \u017ee letadlo s diskovit\u00fdm k\u0159\u00eddlem bude potenci\u00e1ln\u011b bezpe\u010dn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e vrtuln\u00edky kv\u016fli snadn\u011bj\u0161\u00edmu provozu a \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, a d\u00edky vysoce kvalitn\u00edmu aerodynamick\u00e9mu \u00fa\u010dinku p\u0159i p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Takov\u00e1 varianta vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vztlakov\u00e9 s\u00edly byla, mimochodem, \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b implementov\u00e1na na s\u00e9riov\u00e9m letadle An-72JU<\/em><\/strong>, Coand\u016fv efekt<\/em> na n\u011bm byl dosa\u017een pouze p\u0159i odklon\u011bn\u00ed klapek p\u0159i vzletu, ale p\u0159i p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9m letu se obt\u00e9k\u00e1n\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddla t\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem nepou\u017eilo.<\/p>\n

Prvn\u00ed let druh\u00e9ho prototypu kanadsk\u00e9ho Avro Canada VZ-9<\/em><\/strong> se uskute\u010dnil v prosinci 1959, a posledn\u00ed v b\u0159eznu 1961. V prosinci t\u00e9ho\u017e roku byl program ukon\u010den. P\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou byl nedostatek stability „tal\u00ed\u0159e“ p\u0159i letu. Na m\u00edst\u011b tal\u00ed\u0159 visel dob\u0159e, ale p\u0159i dop\u0159edn\u00e9m pohybu se disk za\u010dal k\u00fdvat.<\/p>\n

Pro\u010d tomu tak bylo je jasn\u00e9: aerodynamika za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed bylo daleko od standardu, a vypo\u010d\u00edtat ji teoreticky bylo velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e9. To by vy\u017eadovalo rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 testov\u00e1n\u00ed s \u00fapravou v\u0161ech prvk\u016f syst\u00e9mu.<\/p>\n

A k tomu nedo\u0161lo, proto\u017ee americk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da zm\u011bnila zad\u00e1n\u00ed nov\u00e9ho letadla na konven\u010dn\u00ed, tradi\u010dn\u00ed podobu. Prost\u011b si neuv\u011bdomili, \u017ee mezi konven\u010dn\u00ed konstrukc\u00ed a „diskem“ Avro<\/em> je rozd\u00edl je\u0161t\u011b v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e je mezi bal\u00f3nem a vzducholod\u00ed hrab\u011bte Zeppelina,<\/em> a cht\u011bli revoluci v konstrukci letadel tady a te\u010f.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Nov\u00fd „Projekt 1794“<\/em><\/strong> m\u011bl kombinovat pou\u017eit\u00ed Coandova efektu<\/em> s koncepc\u00ed l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edho k\u0159\u00eddla (obr. 9,10). Jen\u017ee to samo o sob\u011b by pot\u0159ebovalo velmi podrobn\u00e9 anal\u00fdzy automatizovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu \u0159\u00edzen\u00ed vybran\u00fdch \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed k\u0159\u00eddla, a takov\u00e9 zku\u0161enosti v t\u00e9 dob\u011b neexistovaly.<\/p>\n

Mo\u017en\u00e1 by probl\u00e9m mohl b\u00fdt vy\u0159e\u0161en – ov\u0161em s pou\u017eit\u00edm hodn\u011b pen\u011bz, \u010dasu a za pou\u017eit\u00ed m\u00e9n\u011b exotick\u00e9ho designu.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Zaj\u00edmav\u00e9 je, \u017ee k prvn\u00edmu pou\u017eit\u00ed Coandova efektu<\/em> do\u0161lo u proudov\u00e9ho dvouplo\u0161n\u00edku Coand\u0103-1910<\/em> (1910 – rok v\u00fdroby). Byl by to docela dobr\u00fd stroj, jen jeho projektant nev\u011bd\u011bl, \u017ee proudov\u00e9 motory nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 d\u00e1vat p\u0159ed ocas. (obr.11)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Pou\u017eit\u00ed Coandova efektu<\/em> v letectv\u00ed dosud nebylo d\u00e1no jeho potenci\u00e1ln\u00edmi v\u00fdhodami a nev\u00fdhodami, ale jen trp\u011blivost\u00ed v\u00fdvoj\u00e1\u0159\u016f a t\u011bch, kte\u0159\u00ed je financovali.<\/p>\n

Nap\u0159\u00edklad, vrtuln\u00edk MD 520<\/em><\/strong> \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b pou\u017e\u00edval tento efekt k nahrazen\u00ed ocasn\u00edho rotoru – a dosahuje ve sv\u00e9 v\u00fdkonnostn\u00ed t\u0159\u00edd\u011b vynikaj\u00edc\u00ed letov\u00e9 vlastnosti a n\u00edzk\u00e9 hladiny hluku. (obr.12)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ale je pravda, \u017ee i kdy\u017e jeho v\u00fdvoj trval tak dlouho (od roku 1975 do 1991), za\u010dala ho jedna firma, zbankrotovala, koupila ji firma Boeing<\/em> a ta ho ukon\u010dila.<\/p>\n

Tak\u017ee perspektivy pou\u017eit\u00ed Coandova efektu<\/em>, stejn\u011b jako „l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00ed tal\u00ed\u0159e“, je\u0161t\u011b existuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Dnes se \u0159ada technick\u00fdch \u0159e\u0161en\u00ed zkou\u0161\u00ed na relativn\u011b levn\u00fdch bezpilotn\u00edch letounech, co\u017e umo\u017e\u0148uje pou\u017e\u00edt i ty nejneobvyklej\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1pady. To n\u00e1m umo\u017e\u0148uje doufat, \u017ee v dohledn\u00e9 dob\u011b tyto my\u0161lenky najdou sv\u00e9 uplatn\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n

A mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee se i neuplatn\u00ed, proto\u017ee budou objeveny \u00fapln\u011b jin\u00e9.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00fdrobce letadel Avro Canada, kter\u00fd v 50. letech vytvo\u0159il nadzvukov\u00fd st\u00edhac\u00ed letoun CF-105 Arrow, pracoval i na l\u00e9taj\u00edc\u00edm disku pod<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":184,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[9,15,17],"tags":[53,37,50,3],"class_list":["post-1002","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-ufo-a-aaj","category-veda","tag-amerika","tag-severni-amerika","tag-technika","tag-ufo"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1002","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1002"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1002\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1017,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1002\/revisions\/1017"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/184"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1002"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1002"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.zahadyazajimavosti.cz\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1002"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}